This document contains lecture slides on physiology of vision. It covers topics such as eye anatomy, accommodation, the retina, photoreceptors, visual pathways, and cortical visual areas. Diagrams are presented on eye structures, tear drainage, blood supply, lens function, the retinal layers, rod and cone sensitivity, refractive errors, and visual field deficits. Principles of light, vision, and the spectrum are also discussed.

1. PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Ass. Prof. VASTYANOV Rooslan

2. SENSORY SYSTEMS #2SENSORY SYSTEMS #2
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION

3. PLEASE,
MOBILES
SHOULD
BE OFF

4. GENERAL STRUCTURE
OF ANALYZERS
- RECEPTOR CELLSPERIFERAL PART
CONDUCTIVE PART
CENTRAL PART
- CONDUCTIVE WAYS
- Subcortical structures and cortical areas

5. Eye Anatomy #1
Muscles
Eye Anatomy #1
Muscles

6. Tear inflow
and drainage
Tear inflow
and drainage

7. Eye Anatomy #2
Blood supply
Eye Anatomy #2
Blood supply

8. Eye Anatomy #3
Extrinsic eye muscles, cranial nerve innervation
and eyeball movement
Eye Anatomy #3
Extrinsic eye muscles, cranial nerve innervation
and eyeball movement

9. Eye Anatomy #4
Transverse View
Eye Anatomy #4
Transverse View

10. Eye Anatomy #4
Lens
Eye Anatomy #4
Lens

11. The inflow and drainage of an aqueous liquidThe inflow and drainage of an aqueous liquid

12. The scheme of
accommodation
The scheme of
accommodation

13. Accommodation
occurs
by a reflex
that has
three components:
Accommodation
occurs
by a reflex
that has
three components:
(i) Bulging the lens. Contraction of the ciliary muscles releases the tension
of the zonular fibers. The elastic capsule surrounding the lens retracts,
increasing the convexity (and thus the power) of the lens
(i) Bulging the lens. Contraction of the ciliary muscles releases the tension
of the zonular fibers. The elastic capsule surrounding the lens retracts,
increasing the convexity (and thus the power) of the lens
(ii) Pupillary constriction. By reducing the area through which light can enter
the eye spherical aberration s reduced that follows by depth of the focus
increasing
(ii) Pupillary constriction. By reducing the area through which light can enter
the eye spherical aberration s reduced that follows by depth of the focus
increasing
(iii) Eyes convergence in order to both eyes were focused on the object.(iii) Eyes convergence in order to both eyes were focused on the object.

14. The function of the retina is to receive visual images,
partially analyze them and transmit this modified
information to the brain.
The function of the retina is to receive visual images,
partially analyze them and transmit this modified
information to the brain.

15. Photosensor distribution, sensitivity in darkness
and visual acuity of the retina
Photosensor distribution, sensitivity in darkness
and visual acuity of the retina

16. PHOTOSENSORSPHOTOSENSORS

17. THE SCHEME OF CHAIN REACTION OF PHOTOSENSORS
ACTIVATION IN LIGHT AND IN THE DARKNESS
THE SCHEME OF CHAIN REACTION OF PHOTOSENSORS
ACTIVATION IN LIGHT AND IN THE DARKNESS

18. THE SUMMARIZED SCHEME OF THE RODS ELECTRICAL
REACTIONS IN LIGHT AND IN THE DARKNESS
THE SUMMARIZED SCHEME OF THE RODS ELECTRICAL
REACTIONS IN LIGHT AND IN THE DARKNESS

19. The Layers of
the Retina
The Layers of
the Retina

20. The Pigment Layer
of the Retina
The Pigment Layer
of the Retina

21. Optic System of the EyeOptic System of the Eye

22. The schematized
explanation of the
spectrum nature
The schematized
explanation of the
spectrum nature

23. The adequate stimulus for human visual receptors is light, which may
be defined as electromagnetic radiation between the wave lengths
of 770 nm (red) and 380 nm (violet).
The adequate stimulus for human visual receptors is light, which may
be defined as electromagnetic radiation between the wave lengths
of 770 nm (red) and 380 nm (violet).

24. Rods and cones
physiological
sensitivity
Rods and cones
physiological
sensitivity

25. The scheme illustrating some fundamental
optic principles
The scheme illustrating some fundamental
optic principles

26. The schemes illustrating
normal eye refraction (a)
myopia (b) and
hypermetropia (c)
The schemes illustrating
normal eye refraction (a)
myopia (b) and
hypermetropia (c)

27. THE SCHEME OF THE
VISUAL PATHWAY AND
VISUAL FIELD DEFICITS
THE SCHEME OF THE
VISUAL PATHWAY AND
VISUAL FIELD DEFICITS

28. CORTICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE VISUAL,
VISUAL ASSOCIATION, AUDITORY AND
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREAS (lateral view)
CORTICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE VISUAL,
VISUAL ASSOCIATION, AUDITORY AND
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREAS (lateral view)