Eyes and Ears Medical Terminology

Multimedia Directory
Slide 13 Eye Anatomy Animation
Slide 3 9 Eye Anatomy Exercise
Slide 46 Conjunctivitis Video
Slide 55Optometrist Video
Slide 6 2 Cataracts Video
Slide 6 3 Macular Degeneration Video
Slide 75Snellen Chart Video
Slide 9 3 Audiology Video
Slide 9 5Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 109 Ear Anatomy Exercise
Slide 114Inner Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 12 9 Otitis Media Video
Slide 13 3 Tympanometry Video
Slide 13 6 Audiometry Video

Special Senses: The Eye

Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS

The Eye at a Glance
 Function of the Eye
 Contains sensory
receptors for vision

Part 1 Part 2

The Eye at a Glance
 Structures of the Eye
 Sclera
 Choroid
 Retina
 Eyeball
 Conjunctiva
 Eye muscles
 Eyelids
 Lacrimal apparatus

Copyright ©2 009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.

Visual Processing of the Cerebrum

Anatomy and Physiology
 Ophthalmology (Ophth) is study of the eye
 Eyeball
 Organ of sight
 Transmits external image using sensory impulses
via optic nerve to brain
 Brain translates sensory impulses into image

 External structures important for vision
 In addition to eyeball
 Eye muscles
 Eyelids
 Conjunctiva
 Lacrimal apparatus

The Eyeball
 Composed of three layers:
 Sclera
 Choroid
 Retina

Sclera
 Outermost layer
 Tough protective layer
 Another term for sclera
is white of eye
 Anterior portion is
cornea

Cornea
 Anterior portion of sclera

 Clear, transparent

 Allows light to enter

 Bends, or refracts, light rays

Figure 13 .1 – The internal structures of the eye.

Choroid
 Middle layer
 Provides blood supply for eye
 Anterior portion:
 Iris
 Pupil
 Ciliary body

Iris and Pupil
 Iris
 Colored portion of eye
 Smooth muscle that changes size of pupil

 Pupil
 Opening in center of iris
 Allows light to enter into eyeball

Ciliary Body and Lens
 Lens
 Behind iris
 Not actually part of
choroid layer
 Attached to ciliary body
 Ciliary body
 Pulls on edge of lens
 Changes shape of lens
so it can focus light onto
retina

Retina
 Contains sensory receptor
cells that detect light rays
 Rods
 Active in dim light
 See gray tones
 Cones
 Active only in bright light
 Color vision

Retina
 Macula lutea
 Area of retina where image forms

 Fovea centralis
 Depression in center of macula lutea
 High number of cones
 Point of clearest vision

The internal structures of the eye.

Optic Disk
 Point where the optic nerve
leaves eyeball

 Retinal blood vessels enter and
leave through optic disk

 No rods or cones
 Results in blind spot in each eye’s
field of vision

Photograph of the retina of the eye. The optic disk appears
yellow and the retinal arteries radiate out from by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2 009 it.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Eye Fluids
 Aqueous humor
 Watery fluid
 Located between cornea and lens
 Vitreous humor
 Semi-solid gel
 Located between lens and retina

Muscles of the Eye
 Six muscles that connect eyeball to skull
 4 rectus muscles pull straight
 2 oblique muscles pull on an angle
 Contract in combination to change direction
in which each eye is looking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4RxYRpIqLs&feature=related

The external eye muscles.

Eyelids
 A pair cover each eyeball

 Provide protection from foreign particles, injury,
sun, and trauma

 Both upper and lower edges have eyelashes or
cilia that protect eye from foreign particles

 Sebaceous glands located in eyelids secrete a
lubricating oil onto surface of eyeball

The internal structures of the eye. ©2 009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright

Conjunctiva
 A mucous membrane
 Forms continuous covering on
underside of each eyelid and
across anterior surface of
each eyeball
 Protects eyeball

Figure 13 .1 – The internal structures of the eye.


Lacrimal Apparatus
 Lacrimal gland
 Located under outer upper corner of each eyelid
 Produces tears
 Tears wash and lubricate anterior surface of eyeball
 Lacrimal ducts
 Located in inner corner of eye socket
 Collect tears
 Drain into nasolacrimal duct
 Ultimately drain into nasal cavity

Figure 13 .5 – The structure of the lacrimal apparatus.

How We See
 Light rays pass through:
 Cornea
 Pupil
 Aqueous humor
 Lens
 Vitreous humor
 Then strike retina
 Stimulating rods and cones

The path of light through the cornea, pupil, lens, and striking
the retina.

How We See
 Upside-down
image forms on
retina
 Optic nerve
transmits this
image to brain
 Brain turns upside-
down image into
right-side up image

The image formed on the retina is inverted. The brain rights
the image as part of the interpretation process.

Vision
 Vision requires four mechanisms:
 Coordination of external eye muscles so that
both eyes move together
 Correct amount of light admitted by pupil
 Correct focus of light upon retina by lens
 Optic nerve transmitting sensory images to
brain

Eye Vocabulary
emmetropia
state of normal vision
em-ə-trō-pē-ə

legally blind severely impaired vision; having 2 0/2 00 acuity

Nyctalopia
difficulty seeing in dim light; also called night blindness
nik-tə-lō-pē-ə

ophthalmology diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye

optician specialist in grinding corrective lenses

Eye Vocabulary
specializing in examining eyes, testing vision,
optometry
and prescribing corrective lenses

Papilledema swelling of the optic disk; also called choked
pap-əl-ə-’dē-mə disk

photophobia strong sensitivity to bright light

presbyopia visual loss due to old age

Xerophthalmia
dry eyes
zir-äf-thal-mē-ə,

Eyeball Pathology
achromatopsia unable to perceive one or more colors; color
ā-krō-mə-täp-sē-ə blindness

monochromatism unable to perceive one specific color

amblyopia loss of vision not as a result of eye pathology;
am-blē-ō-pē-ə commonly called lazy eye

corneal abrasion scraping injury to cornea

Eyeball Pathology
blurred vision due to uneven cornea; light rays do not
astigmatism
focus sharply on retina

image comes into focus behind retina; can see clearly at
hyperopia
a distance but not up close; also called far sightedness

image comes into focus in front of retina; can see clearly
myopia up close but not at a distance; also called
nearsightedness

Hyperopia (farsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure,
the image would come into focus behind the retina,
making the image on the retina blurry. The bottom image
shows how a biconvex lens corrects this condition. Education, Inc.
Copyright ©2 009 by Pearson

Myopia (nearsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the
image comes into focus in front of the lens, making the
image on the retina blurry. The bottom image shows how
a biconcave lens corrects this condition.

Eyeball Pathology
cataract damage to lens causing it to become cloudy

chronic increase in intraocular pressure; results in
glaucoma
atrophy of optic nerve

macular
deterioration of macula lutea area of retina
degeneration

Photograph of a person with a cataract in the right eye.


Cataracts Video

Click here to view a video on cataracts.

Macular Degeneration Video

Click here to view a video on macular degeneration.

Eyeball Pathology
separation of retina from choroid layer; damages blood
retinal detachment
vessels and nerves causing blindness

progressive disease in which retina becomes hard and
retinitis pigmentosa
pigmented, then atrophies

retinoblastoma malignant eye tumor occurring in young children

Conjunctiva Pathology
Pterygium hypertrophied (excessively developed) conjunctival
te-rij-ē-əm tissue in inner corner of eye

trachoma chronic bacterial infection of conjunctiva

Pronunciation: te-ˈrij-ē-əm

Eyelid Pathology
purulent infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid; also
hordeolum
called a stye (or sty)

Photograph of an infant with strabismus. The left eye is turned
inward, called esotropia.
(Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC) ©2 009 byRiver, NewEducation, Inc.
Copyright
Upper Saddle
Pearson
Jersey 07458

Brain-related Vision Pathology
loss of vision in half of visual field; often result of a
hemianopia
stroke

nystagmus jerky involuntary eye movements; indicator of brain injury

Eye Examination Tests
use of multicolored charts to determine ability to
color vision tests
recognize colors

fluorescein injection of fluorescein dye into bloodstream to observe
angiography blood flow within eye

applying fluorescein eye drops to cornea to look for
fluorescein staining
corneal abrasions

An example of color blindness test. A person with red-green
color blindness would not be able to distinguish the
green 2 7 from the surrounding red circles.

Eye Examination
Tests

keratometry measures curvature of cornea

ophthalmoscopy examination of interior of eye

vision test for defect in ability of eye to focus image
refractive error test
on retina; tests for hyperopia and myopia

slit lamp microscopy examining posterior surface of cornea

Examination of the interior of the eye using an
ophthalmoscope.

Eye Examination Tests
Snellen chart used for testing distance vision

tonometry measures intraocular pressure

visual acuity (VA) measures sharpness of vision

Surgical Treatments
use of extremely cold probe to lift
cryoextraction
cataract from lens

Phacoemulsification use of high-frequency sound waves to
liquefy lens with a cataract which is then
fak-ō-i-məl-sə-fə-kā-shən removed with a needle

surgical repair of cornea with a cornea
keratoplasty
transplant

enucleation
surgical removal of eyeball
ē-nü-klē-āt

Surgical Treatments
laser-assisted
In-situ keratomileusis correction of myopia using laser surgery to
(LASIK) remove corneal tissue
ker-ət-ō-mil-ü-səs

photorefractive keratectomy
use of laser to reshape cornea; treats myopia
(PRK)

spoke-like incision around cornea to flatten it;
radial keratotomy(RK)
treats myopia

LASIK surgery. The cornea has been lifted in order to
reshape it. (Chris Barry/Phototake NYC)

Surgical Treatments

cryoretinopexy surgical fixation of retina using extreme cold

use of laser to destroy very small precise areas of
laser photocoagulation
retina

placing band around outside of sclera to stabilize
scleral buckling
detached retina

strabotomy incision into eye muscles to correct strabismus

Eye Pharmacology
anesthetic Ocu-Caine,
eyedrops to deaden pain
ophthalmic solution Pontocaine

antibiotic Del-Mycin,
eyedrops to treat bacterial infection
ophthalmic solution Ilotycin

ophthalmic constricts arterioles of eye to
Visine, Murine
decongestant reduce redness and itching

Eye Pharmacology
antiglaucoma reduces intraocular
Betimol, Timoptic
medication pressure

artificial tears treats dry eyes Akwa Tears, Refresh Plus

miotic constricts pupil Eserine Sulfate, Miostat

Atropine-Care, Atropisol
mydriatic dilates pupil
Ophtalmic

The Ear at a Glance
 Function of the Ear
 Contains sensory
receptors for hearing
and equilibrium
(balance)

The Ear at a Glance
 Structures of the Ear
 Auricle
 External ear
 Middle ear
 Inner ear

Ear Suffixes
 –cusis
 hearing
 –otia
 ear condition

 Otology (Oto) is study of the ear
 Audiology is study of hearing disorders
 Ear responsible for two senses:
 Hearing
 Equilibrium or sense of balance
 Sensory information carried to brain by
vestibulocochlear nerve
 Cochlear nerve – hearing information
 Vestibular nerve – balance information

The Ear
 Ear is subdivided into three regions:
 External ear
 Middle ear
 Inner ear

External Ear
 Auricle or pinna
 Only portion visible
 Captures sound
waves
 Directs them
through external
auditory meatus

External Ear
 Auditory canal
 Sound moves along
canal
 Cerumen
 Produced by oil
glands in auditory
canal
 Oily wax slowly
flows out of ear
canal removing dirt
that has stuck to it

External Ear
 Tympanic
membrane
 Commonly called
eardrum
 Sound waves strike
membrane
 Causes it to vibrate
 Tympanic membrane
separates external
ear from middle ear

The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.


The Middle Ear
 Small cavity
 Located in temporal
bone of skull
 Contains three tiny
bones called ossicles
 Malleus
 Incus
 Stapes

Ossicles
 Tympanic membrane
vibrates incus
 Vibrations amplify as
they move from one
ossicle to next
 Stapes transmits
vibration to oval
window
 Start of inner ear

Close-up view of the ossicles within the middle ear.


Eustachian Tube
 Also called auditory tube
 Connects nasopharynx with middle ear
 Opens with each swallow
 Equalizes pressure between middle ear
cavity and atmospheric pressure

The Inner Ear
 Labyrinth
 Cavity within
temporal bone
 Houses inner ear
 Contains sensory
organs

Sensory Organs of Inner Ear
 Hearing
 Cochlea
 Organs of Corti
 Equilibrium
 Semicircular canals
 Utricle
 Saccule

The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

How We Hear
 Sound waves travel down external auditory
canal, strike eardrum
 Eardrum vibrates

How We Hear
 Ossicles conduct vibrations across middle
ear from eardrum to oval window
 Oval window movements initiate vibrations
in fluid that fills cochlea

How We Hear
 Fluid vibrations strike hair cells, bending small
hairs and stimulating nerve endings
 Nerve ending sends electrical impulse to brain on
cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

The path of sound waves through the outer, middle, and inner ear.

Inner Ear Anatomy Animation

Click here to view an animation on inner ear anatomy.

Hearing Loss
Conductive Sensorineural
hearing loss hearing loss
 Disease or malformation  Damage or malformation of
of outer or middle ear inner ear (cochlea) or the
 All sound is weaker and cochlear nerve
muffled since it is not  Sounds are distorted
conducted correctly to because nerve impulse is
inner ear incorrect

Word Building with acous/o, audi/o &
audit/o
–tic acoustic pertaining to hearing

–gram audiogram record of hearing

–meter audiometer instrument to measure hearing

–logist audiologist hearing specialist

–ory auditory pertaining to hearing

Word Building with aur/o, auricul/o,
cochle/o and salping/o
–al aural pertaining to ear

–ar auricular pertaining to ear

–ar cochlear pertaining to cochlea

–itis salpingitis inflammation of eustachian tube

–otomy salpingotomy incision into eustachian tube

Word Building with labyrinth/o &
myring/o
–ectomy labyrinthectomy removal of labyrinth

–otomy labyrinthotomy incision into labyrinth

–itis myringitis inflammation of eardrum

–ectomy myringectomy removal of eardrum

–plasty myringoplasty surgical repair of eardrum

Word Building with ot/o
–algia otalgia ear pain

–ic otic pertaining to ear

–itis otitis inflammation of ear

–logist otologist ear specialist

–rrhagia otorrhagia bleeding from ear

Word Building with ot/o
–scope otoscope instrument to view ear

–plasty otoplasty surgical repair of ear

myc/o
otomycosis abnormal condition of ear fungus
–osis

py/o
otopyorrhea discharge of pus from ear
–rrhea

Word Building with tympan/o
–ic tympanic pertaining to eardrum

–itis tympanitis inflammation of eardrum

–meter tympanometer instrument to measure eardrum

–plasty tympanoplasty surgical repair of eardrum

–rrhexis tympanorrhexis ruptured eardrum

–otomy tympanotomy incision into eardrum

–ectomy tympanectomy removal of eardrum

Word Building with –otia
macro– macrotia large ears

micro– microtia small ears

Ear Vocabulary
American Sign nonverbal method of communicating using hands and
Language (ASL) fingers to represent words and concepts

binaural referring to both ears

monaural referring to one ear

decibel (dB) measures loudness of sound

hertz (Hz) measures pitch of sound

Ear Vocabulary
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of ear,
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
nose, and throat

presbycusis normal loss of hearing with age

amount of hearing remaining after damage has
residual hearing
occurred

tinnitus ringing in ears

vertigo dizziness

Hearing Loss Pathology
anacusis total absence of hearing; total deafness

inability to hear or having some degree of hearing
deafness
impairment

External Ear Pathology
Ceruminoma excessive accumulation of earwax forming hard wax
sə-rü-mə-nəs plug

external ear infection; often by fungus; also called
otitis externa (OE)
otomycosis or swimmer’s ear

Middle Ear Pathology
infection of middle ear; most commonly seen in
otitis media (OM) children; watery fluid (serous otitis media) or pus
(purulent otitis media) accumulates in middle ear cavity

loss of mobility of stapes bone; leads to hearing loss as
otosclerosis
it cannot vibrate

Inner Ear Pathology
benign tumor of cochlear nerve; symptoms include
acoustic neuroma
tinnitus, headache, dizziness, and hearing loss

inner ear infection; causes hearing and equilibrium
labyrinthitis
symptoms

progressive hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus; causes
Ménière’s disease
not well understood

Audiology Tests
test of hearing ability in regards to both intensity and
audiometry
pitch person is able to hear

use of a tuning fork placed either next to ear or
Rinne & Weber
against skull to assess both nerve and bone
tuning fork tests
conduction of sound

Otology Tests
otoscopy examination of ear canal and eardrum

measurement of movement of tympanic membrane
tympanometry
to asses pressure inside middle ear

An otoscope, used to visually examine the external auditory
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition tympanic membrane. Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
ear canal and Copyright ©2 009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper

Audiometry Video

Click here to view a video on audiometry.

Balance Tests

assesses equilibrium;
balancing on one foot with
falling test
eyes open and then
closed

Audiology Procedures
hearing aid mechanical device used to amplify sound

Surgical Treatments
mechanical device surgically placed behind outer
ear; converts sound into magnetic impulses to
cochlear implant
stimulate auditory nerve; treats sensorineural
hearing loss

Myringotomy incision into eardrum to drain fluid accumulated in
mir-ən-gät-ə-mē middle ear cavity

pressure equalizing surgical placement of tube in eardrum to allow for
tube (PE tube) continuous drainage of fluid from middle ear cavity

stapedectomy replacement of damaged stapes

Ear Pharmacology
antibiotic otic
eardrops to treat otitis externa Neomycin, Otocort
solution

treats nausea associated with Antivert,
antiemetics
vertigo Compazine

anti-inflammatory reduces inflammation and itching
Allergan Ear Drops
otic solution of otitis externa

wax emulsifiers softens ear wax Debrox Drops

Eyes and Ears Medical Terminology

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (19)

Similar to Eyes and Ears Medical Terminology

Similar to Eyes and Ears Medical Terminology (10)

More from whitchur

More from whitchur (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Eyes and Ears Medical Terminology