ATC Basic Navigation

1. V.1.07
Presented by
FAA Academy
Air Traffic Division
Federal Aviation
AdministrationAir Traffic Basics
50043/50143
Basic Navigation

2. 1Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Basic Navigation

3. 2Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Objectives
On an End-of-Lesson Test you will identify:
1. Reference lines of the earth and their purpose
2. Great circle route, distance, and direction measurement
3. Methods of time conversion and acronyms used with
time
4. Magnetic variations and headings
5. Basic methods of navigation
6. Basic calculations for time, speed, and distance, with
and without references
7. Effects of wind on flight
8. Effects of altitude and temperature on speed

4. 3Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Objectives (Cont’d)
On an End-of-Lesson Test you will compute aircraft
time, speed and distance.

5. 4Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Earth’s Reference Lines
PARALLELS
OF
LATITUDE
MERIDIANS
OF
LONGITUDE

6. 5Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Great Circle
The equator is a great circle.
Any meridian is half of a
great circle.

7. 6Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Parallels of Latitude
0° EQUATOR
10° N
20° N
30° N
40° N
50° N
60° N
70° N
80° N
90° N
30° S
40° S
50° S
60° S
70° S
80° S
90° S
10° S
20° S
0° Latitude/Equator
20° N
45° S
90° N North Pole
90° S South Pole

8. 7Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Longitude
PRIME
MERIDIAN
10°W
20°W
30°W
40°W
50°W
60°W
70°W
80°W
90°W
10°E
20°E
30°E
40°E
50°E
60°E
70°E
80°E
90°E

9. 8Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Longitude
0° (PRIME MERIDIAN)
180°
35°
35° E
145°
145° W
North
Pole

10. 9Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Coordinates
EQUATOR
PRIME
MERIDIAN
PARALLELS OF LATITUDE
MERIDIANSOF
LONGITUDE

11. 10Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Latitude + Longitude
90°N
60°N
30°N
0°
30°S
60°S
LATITUDE
30°
W
60°
W
30°
E
60°
E
PRIMEMERIDIAN
LONGITUDE EARTH’S GRID
EQUATOR
0°
90°N
0°30°
W
60°
W
30°
E
60°
E
60°N
30°N
30°S
60°S

12. 11Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Circular Measurement
A circle = 360 degrees (360°)
1 degree (1°) = 60 minutes (60’)
1 minute (1') = 60 seconds (60")

13. 12Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Measurement of Distance
EQUATOR
0° LAT.
LATITUDE
1 MINUTE OF LONGITUDE
(MEASURED ALONG A LINE OF LATITUDE)
IS NOT EQUAL TO 1 NM, EXCEPT ALONG
THE EQUATOR
1 MINUTE OF LONGITUDE ALONG THE
EQUATOR IS EQUAL TO 1 NM
1 MINUTE OF LATITUDE
IS EQUAL TO 1 NM
(MEASURED ALONG A
LINE OF LONGITUDE)

14. 13Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• When coordinates are used to define
position, is latitude or longitude stated
first?
– ANSWER: Latitude

15. 14Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Decoding Coordinates
• How would these coordinates be read?
1. 29° 40’ N, 35° 53’ W
2. 45° 35’ N, 82° 43’ 22” E
– ANSWER:
1. 29 degrees, 40 minutes, north (latitude),
35 degrees, 53 minutes, west (longitude)
2. 45 degrees, 35 minutes, north (latitude),
82 degrees, 43 minutes, 22 seconds, east
(longitude)

16. 15Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• The reference line for measuring north-
south distances is the _______.
A. great circle
B. prime meridian
C. equator

17. 16Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• How many minutes are there in 1 degree of
latitude?
– ANSWER: 60 minutes

18. 17Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• Using the Dallas - Ft. Worth Sectional
Aeronautical Chart, determine what the
coordinates of Childress, Texas VORTAC
are.
– ANSWER: 34°22'N, 100°17'W

19. 18Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Great Circle Route / Rhumb Line
Great circle
3021 NM
Rhumb line
3144 NM

20. 19Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Conversion Formula
CONVERSION FACTORS:
1 NM = 1.15 SM 1 SM = 0.87 NM
20 NM x 1.15 = 23 SM 50 SM x .87 = 43.5 NM
EXAMPLES:
To CONVERT use one of the following formulas:
NM x 1.15 = SM
SM X .87 = NM
Rule of Thumb: SMs will always be greater than NMs.
23 SM 50 SM

21. 20Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Exercise 2: Conversion Statute to
Nautical Miles
NAUTICAL MILES STATUTE MILES
1. 46
2. 100
3. 69
4. 200
5. 75
6. 55
7. 130
8. 92
9. 500
10. 333
40
60
65
113
435
383
106
63
230
115

22. 21Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
The local standard time at Greenwich, England is the time
reference used in aviation operations throughout the world.

23. 22Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
24-Hour Clock

24. 23Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
International Time Zones
INTERNATIONALDATELINE
EQUATOR PRIME
MERIDIAN

25. 24Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• The unit of measurement which equals 1
nautical mile is ________ statute miles.
A. 0.87
B. 1.15
C. 1.5

26. 25Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• A time zone is established for every
________.
A. 15 degrees of longitude
B. 7 1/2 degrees of latitude
C. 15 degrees of latitude

27. 26Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
U.S. Time Zones
8:00 Central
Standard Time
6:00 Pacific
Standard Time
7:00 Mountain
Standard Time
9:00 Eastern
Standard Time

28. 27Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
U.S. Time Conversion Factors
Eastern Standard Time +5 hours
Central Standard Time +6 hours
Mountain Standard +7 hours
Pacific Standard Time +8 hours
Alaska Standard Time +9 hours
Hawaii Standard Time +10 hours
If Daylight Savings Time is in effect, subtract 1
hour from conversion.

29. 28Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Standard Time Conversion Example
11:00 A.M. Central Standard Time
+ 6 hours conversion factor
9:00 P.M. Central Standard Time
+ 6 hours conversion factor
1700Z in Greenwich, England
0300Z on the following day in
Greenwich, England

30. 29Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Daylight Time Conversion Example
11:00 A.M. Central Daylight Time
+ 5 hours conversion factor
9:00 P.M. Central Daylight Time
+ 5 hours conversion factor
1600Z in Greenwich, England
0200Z on the following day in
Greenwich, England

31. 30Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• An aircraft departs Oklahoma City at 9 P.M.
(CST) and travels for 3 hours to arrive in
Seattle, WA. (PST) What was the aircrafts
land time_______ UTC?
– ANSWER: 0600Z

32. 31Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• If it is 1300Z in Philadelphia (EST), what time
local would it be in San Francisco (PST)?
– ANSWER: 0500 local

33. 32Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• At 1 P.M. DST in New York City, the time is
_____ UTC.
(Conversion factor is +5 EST).
A. 1600
B. 1700
C. 1800

34. 33Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Types of Speed
1. Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
2. True Airspeed (TAS)
3. Ground Speed (GS)
4. Mach Number (MACH)

35. 34Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Time Formula
TIME =
DISTANCE
SPEED

36. 35Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Speed Formula
SPEED =
DISTANCE
TIME

37. 36Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Distance Formula
DISTANCE = SPEED x TIME

38. 37Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Finger Formula
D
S T
D = DISTANCE
S = SPEED
T = TIME
DISTANCE = SPEED x TIMESPEED = DISTANCE ÷ TIMETIME = DISTANCE ÷ SPEED

39. 38Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Exercise 3: Finding Time, Speed,
Distance
TIME SPEED DISTANCE
1. 180 KTS 540 NM
2. 1+30 90 MPH
3. 4+30 405 NM
4. 5+00 75 KTS
5. 0+30 88 SM
6. 200 KTS 345 SM
7. 9+00 1350 NM
8. 3+15 200 MPH
9. 1+45 420 SM
10. 138 MPH 270 NM
3+00
1+30
2+15
90 KTS
176 MPH
150 KTS
240 MPH
135 SM
375 NM
650 SM

40. 39Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Wind

41. 40Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Ground Speed vs. True airspeed

42. 41Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Ground Speed vs. True Speed
Practice
• An aircraft has a true airspeed of 200 kts
and is encountering a headwind of 40 kts.
What is the aircraft’s ground speed?
– ANSWER: 160 kts

43. 42Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Ground Speed vs. True Speed
Practice (Cont’d)
• An aircraft has a true airspeed of 180 kts
and encounters a tailwind of 30 kts. What is
the aircrafts ground speed?
– ANSWER: 210 kts

44. 43Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Ground Speed vs. True Speed
Practice (Cont’d)
• An aircraft has a ground speed of 170 kts
and a headwind of 30 kts. What is the
aircrafts ground speed?
– ANSWER: 170 kts

45. 44Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Ground Speed vs. True Speed
Practice (Cont’d)
• An aircraft has a true airspeed of 320 knots
and a tailwind of 40 knots. How far will the
aircraft travel in 1 hour, 15 minutes?
– ANSWER: 450 nautical miles

46. 45Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Effect of Drift

47. 46Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Effects of Wind on Course, Track, and
Drift Angle
DEPARTURE DESTINATION
WIND
DRIFT
ANGLE
TRUE COURSE (TC)
WIND
360° / 20 KT

48. 47Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
True Heading (TH)
DESTINATION10° DRIFT
ANGLE
WITHOUT
correction for
crosswind
drift effect
AIRCRAFT HEADING 090
090°
TRUE
COURSE
(TC)
TRUE HEADING IS TRUE COURSE (TC) CORRECTED FOR WIND DRIFT
TH = TC +/- WIND CORRECTION ANGLE (WCA)
TH = 090° - 10 (LEFT CORRECTION) = 080°
10° WIND
CORRECTION ANGLE
With
correction for
crosswind drift
effect
ACTUAL TRACK 090
090°
TRUE
COURSE
(TC)
DESTINATION
WIND

49. 48Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Effect of Altitude on Speed

50. 49Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Review
TRACK
090° TRUE
COURSE
WIND
• The Wind Correction Angle is 20 degrees,
and true course is 090 degrees. What is the
true heading of the aircraft?
– ANSWER: 070 degrees

51. 50Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Review (Cont’d)
090° TRUE
COURSE
HEADING
WIND
• The desired true course of the aircraft is 90
degrees, and drift angle is 10 degrees.
What is the track of the aircraft?
– ANSWER: 100 degrees

52. 51Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Review (Cont’d)TRACK
180° 165°
WIND
• The track of the aircraft is
180 degrees, and aircraft
heading is 165 degrees.
What is the wind
correction angle in
degrees?
– ANSWER: 15 degrees

53. 52Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Magnetic Variation
20° 15° 10° 5° 0° 20°15°10°5°
20°20°
15°
10° 5° 0°
15°
10°
5°
Geographic (True)
North Pole
Magnetic North
Pole
Westerly variationEasterly variation
17°
Agonic lineIsogonic line

54. 53Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07

55. 54Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Deviation
The error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the
structure and equipment of the aircraft
Is affected by:
• Electrical system
• Engine
• Aircraft structure
• Miscellaneous equipment
near compass, etc.
MAGNETIC
COMPASS
DEVIATION
CARD

56. 55Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• The angular difference between true north
and magnetic north at any given place is
called ________.
A. variation
B. deviation
C. isogonic line

57. 56Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• A line of equal magnetic variation is called
a(n) ________ line.
A. agonic
B. magnetic
C. isogonic

58. 57Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• What term denotes a magnetic compass
error that is caused by materials within the
aircraft which possess magnetic
properties?
– ANSWER: Deviation

59. 58Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• True heading is true course corrected for
effects of ________.
A. magnetic variation
B. compass error
C. wind

60. 59Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Dallas-Ft. Worth Sectional Chart

61. 60Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Pilot’s Planning Sheet
PILOT’S PLANNING SHEET
PLANE IDENTIFICATION DATE
COURSE TC
WIND
KNOTS FROM
WCA
R+ L-
TH
VAR
W+ E-
MH DEV CH
TOTAL
MILES
GS
TOTAL
TIME
FUEL
RATE
TOTAL
FUEL
From:
To:
From:
To:
6°E28 22 24+2

62. 61Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Pilotage
The determination of position by identification of landmarks from their representation on a chart

63. 62Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Radio Navigational Aid
AIRBORNE
RECEIVER
GROUND-BASED
TRANSMITTER

64. 63Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Waypoint
RNAV RANDOM ROUTE
TUL VORTAC
3422N10017W
(CDS VORTAC)
COORDINATES
TUL180027

65. 64Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS SatellitesCommunication
Satellite
Ground Earth Station

66. 65Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• Navigation by reference to visible
landmarks is called ________.
A. dead reckoning
B. pilotage
C. radio navigation

67. 66Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
Response Item
• What method of navigation requires flying a
predetermined course, taking into account
the effects of wind?
– ANSWER: Dead reckoning

68. 67Federal Aviation
Administration
Basic Navigation / V.1.07
The End