This document discusses various types of pipes including metal and alloy pipes. It describes the different production methods for pipes such as seamless pipes, welded pipes, and cast pipes. It also lists the common materials used for pipes like black steel, carbon steel, mild steel, and alloy steel. Finally, it discusses the manufacturing process, applications, grading, and end preparations of steel pipes.

1. PIPES
Metal and alloy pipes
• Seamless Pipes
• Welded Pipes
• Cast Pipes
Other Competing pipes
• PEX pipe
• Schedule 40
• Schedule 80
• PVC Pipe
• UPVC Pipe
• CPVC Pipe
• Hdpe pipes
• DI Pipes
• General uses • CI Pipes
• Methods of production
• Types of pipes
• Specific end uses with corresponding competitors

2. PIPES AND TUBES
• Most often used product produced by the steel industry.
• The primary difference between pipe and tubing is how
the size is designated.
• Pipe is designated by a "Nominal Pipe Size" based upon
the ID (inside diameter)
• Tubing is designated by the measured OD , ie. outside
diameter (and wall thickness sometimes)
• NOTE: A 3/4 inch iron pipe has an OD of 1.050 inches,
while a 3/4 inch steel tube has an OD of 0.75 inches.
• Pipes are used for transportation and tubes for
construction purpose.

3. RAW MATERIAL FOR PIPES
• Black Steel
• Carbon Steel
• Mild Steel
• Alloy Steel
• Stainless Steel

4. BLACK STEEL PIPE
• Black steel pipe is made of steel that has not been
galvanized.
• It is scaly due to dark-colored iron oxide coating on its
surface.
• scale formed on the surface of steel pipes when they are
heated and forged.( atmospheric oxidation)
Black steel pipes are used in :
• line pipes in oil and petroleum industries,
• water wells and for transporting water
• gas and sewage purposes. Black steel pipe gets its
appearance because of a black oxide scale formed on
the surface of steel pipes when they are forged.

5. CARBON STEEL PIPES
• Low cost and durable material
• Various heavy industries make use of carbon steel
pipe.
• Poor wear resistance .
• Suitable for heat treated parts where high tensile
and impact are required.

6. CARBON STEEL APPLICATION
Major fields of applications:
• Connecting rods, Gear shafts,
• Chain parts,
• Clutches,
• Propeller shafts,
• Cam shafts,
• Spindles
• Screws,
• Studs,
• Pinions,
• tappets,
• Boring bars.

7. MILD STEEL PIPES
• Most common material.
• Mild steel contains 0.16–0.29% carbon, therefore it is
neither brittle nor ductile.
• Poor tensile properties as compared to high carbon and
alloy steels.
• But cost of material and production cost is most justified.
• Surface hardness can be increased through
carburizing.(if protection from abrasion is crucial).
• It rusts easily.
• Generally, these pipes are coated with other metals
such as copper, to protect from corrosion

8. MILD STEEL PIPES
• Applications:
• Mild Steel pipes and tubing are used for structural
purpose and mechanical & general engineering
purpose.
• It is also used for drinking water supply (chlorination
and sodium silicate inhibit corrosion in mild steel
pipes.)

9. ALLOY STEEL PIPES
• Alloy steel contains substantial quantities of
elements other than carbon such as nickel,
chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten,
molybdenum, vanadium.
• Pipes made of alloy steel have exceptional
performance properties.
• Alloy steel pipes are in demand in the domestic,
professional or industrial places. In recent years, the
demand for alloy steel tubing has been increasing
along with the economic growth.

10. ALLOY STEEL PIPES
• Applications:
• These are generally developed for energy-related
applications involving oil and gas drilling .

11. PRODUCTION
Steel pipes are produced by two distinct methods.
Raw steel is first cast into a more workable starting
form
then:
• It is made into a pipe by stretching the steel out into
a seamless tube or,
• The edges are forced together and sealed with a
weld (welding technique used is butt weld process)

12. SEAMLESS PIPE
• Seamless pipes are made by drilling a hole through a
billet.
• Then it is heated and drawn through dies to take the
shape of a pipe.
• Since the hollowed center is irregularly shaped, a bullet-
shaped piercer point is pushed through the middle of
the billet as it is being rolled.
• Seamless tubes are typically more light weight, and have
thinner walls. They are used for bicycles and transporting
liquids.
• There is much variation in sizes and application of the
seamless pipes( from the size of syringe to huge sewer
/gas pipes.)

13. WELDED/SEAMED PIPES
• Seamed tubes are heavier and more rigid.
• The have a better consistency and are generally straighter.
• They are used for things such as gas transportation, electrical
conduit and plumbing.
• Typically, they are used in instances when the pipe is not put
under a high degree of stress.
• New technologies have greatly improved the butt-weld method
of pipe.
• Production rate of welded pipes is more , some processes can
produce welded seam pipe at the rate of 1,100 feet per minute.
• ERW pipes are used in agricultural purposes, drinking Water for
housings, in collieries for extraction of Water, Thermal Powers,
Transports, Hand pumps for deep boring wells, as a strong
protection for cables by Telecom Department, Structural
Purposes etc.

14. MANUFACTURING
Ingot production
• An ingot is a material that is cast into a shape
suitable for further processing.
• Molten steel is poured into large, thick-walled iron
molds, where it cools into ingots.
• To form flat products such as plates and sheets, or
long products such as bars and rods, ingots are
shaped between large rollers.

15. MANUFACTURING
Producing blooms (or slabs)
• To produce a bloom, the ingot is passed through a
set of 2 or 3 grooved steel rollers that are stacked.
Steel is rolled till it achieves the desired shape.
During this process, machines called ‘manipulators’
flip the steel so that each side is processed evenly.
• Ingots may also be rolled into slabs , there are rollers
mounted on the sides to control the width of the
slabs. When the steel acquires the desired shape,
the uneven ends are cut off and the slabs are cut
into shorter pieces.

16. MANUFACTURING
Processing
• · Blooms are converted into billets by passing them
through more rolling devices which make them
longer and more narrow. The billets are cut by
devices known as ‘flying shears’ that race along
with the moving billet and cut it. This allows efficient
cuts without stopping the manufacturing process.
• · Slabs are heated to 1,204° C and then sent
through a series of rollers on a hot mill and made
into thin narrow strips of steel called skelp.

17. MANUFACTURING
• This mill can be as long as a half mile. As the slabs
pass through the rollers, they become thinner and
longer.
• In modern mills within three minutes a single slab
can be converted from a 15 cm thick piece of steel
to a thin steel ribbon that can be 400 meters long.
• After stretching, the steel is pickled. This involves
running it through a series of tanks that contain
sulfuric acid (HCl usually) to clean the thick oxide
scale that was formed due to atmospheric
oxidation.
• Then it is rinsed with water.

18. MANUFACTURING
• Both skelp and billets are used to make pipes.
• Skelp is made into welded pipe.
• It is passed through a series of grooved rollers. As it
passes by, the rollers cause the edges of the skelp to curl
together. This forms an unwelded pipe.
• Then welding electrodes seal the two ends of the pipe
together. The welded seam is then passed through a
high pressure roller which helps create a tight weld. The
pipe is then cut to a desired length and stacked for
further processing. Welded steel pipe is a continuous
process
• In modern mills pipes can be made as fast as 1,100 ft
(335.3 m) per minute.

19. MANUFACTURING
• When seamless pipe is needed, square billets are used for
production.
• They are heated and molded (or forged) to form a cylinder
shape, also called a round.
• The round is then put in a furnace where it is heated white-hot.
The heated round is then rolled with great pressure.
• This high pressure rolling causes the billet to stretch out and a
hole to form in the center. (centrifugal casting).
• Since this hole is irregularly shaped, a bullet shaped piercer
point is pushed through the middle of the billet as it is being
rolled.
• After the piercing stage, the pipe may still be of irregular
thickness and shape. To correct this it is passed through
another series of rolling mills and lathes.

20. STEEL PIPE APPLICATIONS
• Domestic water systems
• Pipelines transporting gas or liquid over long
distances
• Scaffolding
• Structural steel
• As components in mechanical systems such as:
• Rollers in conveyor belts
• Compactors (E.g.: steam rollers)
• Bearing casing
• Casing for concrete pilings used in construction
projects

21. STEEL PIPE APPLICATIONS
• High temperature or pressure manufacturing processes
• The petroleum industry:
• Oil well casing
• Oil refinery equipment
• Delivery of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, in a process
plant from one point to another point in the process
• Delivery of bulk solids, in a food or process plant from
one point to another point in the process
• The construction of high pressure storage vessels (note
that large pressure vessels are constructed from plate,
not pipe owing to their wall thickness and size).

22. GRADING OF STEEL PIPES
• Type of pipe used to be designated with a code like API
5L PSL2.
• The API range is now ISO E.g.: API 5L Grade B - now ISO
L245 where the number indicates yield strength in MPa
• ASME SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for
high temperature service)
• ASTM A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless
steel pipe)
• ASTM C76 (Concrete Pipe)
• ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
• ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)

23. GRADING OF STEEL PIPES
• NPS( Nominal Pip Size ) or NB (Nominal Bore ) is
based on inches and DN (Diametre Nominal). So
NPS 14 is same as DN 350
• There are then many grades for each standard
ASTM Code which determine a minimum yield
strength and minimum tensile strength.
• The grades include grade 1, grade 2, grade 3, then
grade A, grade B, grade C and continue on to
grade X and there is minimum and maximum
pressure rating each grade.

24. GRADING OF STEEL PIPES
• Grade A steel pipe has lower tensile and yield
strengths than Grade B steel pipe. This is because it
has a lower carbon content. Grade A in more
ductile and is better for cold bending and close
coiling applications.
• Grade B steel pipe is better for applications where
pressure, structural strength and collapse are
factors. It is also easier to machine because of its
higher carbon content.
• Grade B welds as well as Grade A.

25. END PREPERATIONS
• Plain end (PE) (small, weld) This is also the default
end prep if no end prep is specified.
• Threaded end (TE). This would be the choice for
small sizes
• Bevel end (BE). 3" and larger steel pipe where "butt
welding will be used to join pipe to pipe or pipe to
fittings.

26. A TYPICAL ASTM DESIGNATION
ASTM A 582/A582M-95b (2000),
A
Indicates sequential
ferrous number
material Year of
last
revision
Indicates Year of
that the last re- Usually
standard approval written in
was SAE
written in standard
SI units notation

27. GRADES
USA UK Germany Sweden
ASTM A 53 BS3601 DIN 1629
HFS 22 & CDS
Grade A SMLS St 35 SIS 1233-05
Electric 22
resistance
HFS 27 & CDS
welding Grade B SMLS St 45 SIS 1434-05
27
ASTM A 53 BS3601 DIN 1626
Flash butt
Grade A ERW ERW 22 Blatt 3 St 34-2 ERW
welding Grade B ERW ERW 27 Blatt 3 St 37-2 ERW
ASTM A 53 BS3601 DIN 1626
FBW BW 22 Blatt 3 St 34-2 FBW
ASTM A 106 BS3602 DIN 17175 2)
Grade A HFS 23 St 35-8 SIS 1233-06
Grade B HFS 27 St 45-8 SIS 1435-05

28. GRADES
Grade C HFS 35
ASTM A 134 BS3601 DIN 1626
EFW Blatt 2 EFW
ASTM A 135 BS3601 DIN 1626
Blatt 3 St 34-2
Grade A ERW 22 SIS 1233-06
ERW
Blatt 3 St 37-2
Grade B ERW 27 SIS 1434-06
ERW
ASTM A 139 BS3601 DIN 1626
Grade A EFW 22 Blatt 2 St 37
Grade B EFW 27 Blatt 2 St 42

29. GRADES
DIN 1626, Blatt 3 with
ASTM A 155 Class 2 BS3602
certification C
C45 St 34-2
C50 St 37-2
C55 St 42-2
KC55 EFW 28 St 42-2 2)
KC60 St 42-2 2)
KC65 EFW 28S St 52-2
KC70 St 52-2
API 5L BS3601 DIN 1629
Grade A SMLS HFS 22 & CDS 22 St 35 SIS 1233-05
Grade B SMLS HFS 27 & CDS 27 St 45 SIS 1434-06 *

30. GRADES
API 5L BS3601 DIN 1625
Blatt 3 St 34-2
Grade A ERW ERW 22
ERW
Blatt 4 St 37-2
Grade B ERW ERW 27 1)
ERW
BS3601 Double
API 5L DIN 1626
welded
Grade A EFW ERW 22 Blatt 3 St 34-2 FW
Grade B EFW ERW 27 1) Blatt 4 St 37-2 FW
API 5L BS3601 DIN 1626
Blatt 3 St 34-2
FBW BW 22
FBW