My lecture about the Skeletal System.

1. by
William M. Banaag, R.N.

2.  The primary organ of the
Skeletal System
 Forms most of the skeleton
 Remarkably strong but light
weight and is dynamic

3.  Support:
 bone provides a framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing points of
attachment for many skeletal muscles.
 Protection:
 bones protect many internal organs from injury.
 Movement:
 skeletal muscles attach to bones. When muscles contract, they pull on bones and together they
produce movement.
 Mineral homeostasis:
 bone tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which are important in
muscle contraction and nerve activity. On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to
maintain critical mineral balances and to distribute them to other parts of the body.
 Site of blood cell production:
 within certain parts of bones, a connective tissue called the red marrow produces blood cells, a
process called hemopoiesis.
 Red bone marrow – one type of bone marrow which consists of blood cells in immature stages,
adipose cells, and macrophages – it produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
 Storage of energy:
 Lipids stored in cells of a second type of bone marrow called the yellow marrow.
 Yellow marrow – consists primarily of adipose cells, and is an important chemical energy
reserve.

4.  Diaphysis (dia = through; physis = growth) – the shaft or
long, main portion of the bone.
 Epiphyses (epi = above; physis = growth) – the
extremities or ends of the bone.
 Metaphysis – region in a mature bone where the
diaphysis joins the epiphysis. In a growing bone, it is the
region that includes the epiphyseal plate where
cartilage is replaced by bone.
 Articular Cartilage – a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
covering the epiphysis where that bone forms a joint
with another bone. The cartilage reduces friction and
absorbs shock at freely movable joints.
 Periosteum (peri=around; osteo=bone) is the membrane
around the surface of the bone not covered by articular
cartilage.
 Medullary cavity – is the space within the diaphysis that
contains the fatty yellow marrow.
 Endosteum – it is the membrane that contains
Osteoprogenitor cells that lines the medullary cavity.

5.  Osteoprogenitor cells (osteo=bone;
pro=precursor; gen = to produce)
 are unspecialized cells derived from mesenchyme, the
tissue from which all connective tissues are derived.
They are found in the inner portion of the periosteum,
in the endosteum, and in canals in bone that contain
blood vessels.
 Osteoblasts (blast = germ or bud)
 are cells that form bone, but they have lost the ability
to divide by mitosis. They secrete collagen and other
organic components needed to build bone tissue.
 Osteocytes (cyte = cell)
 are mature bone cells that are derived from
osteoblasts; they are the principal cells of bone tissue.
 Osteoclasts (clast = to break)
 are cells believed to be developed from circulating
monocytes. They settle on the surface of bone and
function in bone resorption (destruction of matrix),
which is important in the development, growth,
maintenance, and repair of bone.

6.  It is the placement of old bone tissue by new
bone tissue
 Old bone is constantly destroyed by
osteoclasts, whereas new bone is constructed
by osteoblasts
 Remodeling requires minerals
(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and
manganese), vitamins (D, C, A, and B12), and
hormones (human growth hormone, sex
hormone, insulin, thyroid
hormones, parathyroid hormone, and
calcitonin)

7.  Long Bones:
 Have greater length than width and consist of
a shaft and a variable number of ends.
 They are slightly curved for strength
 A curved bone absorbs the stress of the body
weight at several different points so the stress
is evenly distributed.
 If such bones were straight, the weight of the
body would be unevenly distributed and the
bone would easily fracture.
 Long bones consist mostly of compact bone,
which is dense and has few spaces.
 Long bones include those in the thigh (femur),
leg (tibia and fibula), toes and fingers
(phalanges), arms (humerus), and forearm
(ulna and radius).

8.  Short Bones:
 Are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and
width.
 They are spongy bone except at the surface, where there is a
thin layer of compact bone.
 Examples of short bones are the wrist (carpal) and ankle
(tarsal) bones.
 Flat Bones:
 Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly
parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy
bones.
 Flat bones can give considerable protection and provide
extensive areas for muscle attachment.
 Flat bones includes the cranial bones (which protects the
brain), breast bone (sternum) and ribs (which protects organs
in the thorax)
 Irregular Bones:
 They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a
spongy interior.
 As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and
complicated.
 Such bones includes the backbones (vertebrae)

9. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones
grouped into two (2) principal divisions:
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

10.  Forms the longitudinal axis of
the body and is divided into
three (3) parts: the Skull, the
Vertebral Column, and the
Bony Thorax.

11. The Skull
 The skull contains 22 bones
 The skull rests on the superior
end of the vertebral column
 The skull is divided into
Cranial and Facial bones

12. The Skull
 form the cranial cavity and enclose and protects the brain
 Includes frontal bone, parietal bones (2), temporal bones
(2), occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.

13. The Skull
 Frontal Bone – forms the forehead, the
bony projections under the
eyebrows, and the superior part of
each eye’s orbit.
 Parietal Bones – paired bones that
form most of the superior and lateral
walls of the cranium; they meet in the
midline of the skull at the sagittal
suture and form the coronal suture
where they meet the frontal bone.

14. The Skull
 Temporal Bones – paired bones that lies inferior to
the parietal bones; they join them at the squamous
sutures; several important bone markings appear on
the temporal bone:
 External Auditory meatus – a canal that leads to
the eardrum and the middle ear.
 Styloid process – a sharp, needle-like
projection, just inferior to the external auditory
meatus, used as attachment point of several
neck muscles.
 Zygomatic Process – a thin bridge of bone that
joins with the cheek bone (zygomatic bone)
anteriorly.
 Mastoid Process – a rough pojection posterior
and inferior to the expternal auditory
meatus, which is full of air cavities (mastoid
sinuses); it provides an attachment site for some
muscles of the neck.
 Jugular Foramen – located at the junction of the
occipital and temporal bones, allows tha passage
of the jugular vein of the head, which drains
deoxygenated blood from the bain.

15. The Skull
 Occipital Bone – is the most
posterior bone of the cranium; it
forms the floor and back wall of the
skull; it joins the parietal bones
anteriorly at the lamboid suture
 Foramen Magnum – a large opening at
the base of the occipital bone which
surrounds the lower part of the brain and
allows the spinal chord to connect with
the brain.
 Occypital Condyles – are rocker-like
projections located at the lateral sides of
the foramen magnum, which rest on the
first vertebra of the spinal column.

16. The Skull
 Sphenoid Bone – a
butterfly-shaped bone
which spans the width of the
skull and forms part of the
floor of the cranial cavity.
 Optic Foramen – allows the
optic nerve to pass to the
eyes
 Ethmoid Bone – an
irregularly shaped bone that
lies anterior to the sphenoid
bone; it forms the roof of
the nasal cavity and part of
the medial walls of the
orbits.

17. The Skull
Facial Bones:
 Bones that makes up the face
 Includes nasal bones
(2), maxillae (2), zygomatic
bones (2), mandible, lacrimal
bones (2), palatine bones
(2), inferior nasal conchae
(2), and vomer.

18. Facial Bones:
The Skull
 Maxillae – two bones that fuse to form the upper jaw; all
facial bones except the mandible join the maxillae; thus
they are the main, or ―keystone‖, bones of the face; it
carries the upper teeth on the alveolar margin; maxillae
contains paranasal sinuses which drains into the nasal
passages, these sinuses lightens the skull bones and
probably act to amplify the sounds we make as we speak.
 Pallatine Bones – are paired bones that lie posterior to
the palatine processess of the maxillae; they form the
superior part of the hard palate. Failure of the palatine
to fuse medially results in cleft palate.
 Zygomatic Bones – are commonly refered to as the
cheekbones; they also form a good-sized portion of the
lateral walls of the orbits, or eye sockets.
 Lacrimal Bones – are fingernail-size bones froming part
of the medial walls of each orbit; each lacrimal bone has
a groove that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima
= tear)
 Nasal Bones – are small irregular bones forming the
bridge of the nose.
 Vomer Bone – a single bone in the median line of the
nasal cavity which forms most of the nasal septum.
 Inferior Nasal Conchae – are thin curved bones
projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

19. Facial Bones:
The Skull
 Mandible – also known as the lower jaw, is
the largest and strongest bone of the face;
it joins the temporal bones on each side of
the face, froming the only freely movable
joints in the skull; the horizontal part of the
mandible (the body) forms the chin; it also
holds the lower teeth in the alveolar
margin at the superior edge of the
mandibular body.

20. The Hyoid Bone
 Not really part of the skull but is closely related to the mandible and temporal
bones
 It is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with any other
bone, instead, it is suspended in the midneck region about 2cm (1 inch) above
the larynx, where it is anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of the
temporal bones.
 It is a horseshoe-shaped that serves as a movable base for the tongue and an
attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we
swallow and speak.

21. The Fetal Skull
The infants face is very small compared to the

size of its cranium, but the skull as a whole is Fontanels:
large compared to the infant’s total body  Allows the fetal skull to be
length – the adult skull represents only one- compressed slightly during birth
eight of the total body legnth, whereas that of
a newborn infant is one-fourth as long as its  Its flexibility allows the infant’s
entire body. brain to grow during the later part
 Infant’s skeleton at birth is still unfinished – of pregnancy ad early infancy
some areas of hyaline cartillage still remain to  The fontanels are gradually
be ossified (or converted to bone).
 Newborn’s skull has fibrous regions (that have converted to bone during the early
yet to be converted to bone), which connects part of infancy and can no longer be
the cranial bones – these fibrous regions are felt by 22 to 24 months after birth.
called fontanels.

22.  Serves as the axial support of the body that
extends from the skull – which it
supports, to the pelvis – where it transmits
the weight of the body to the lower limbs.
 The spine is formed from 26 irregular bones
connected and reinforced by ligaments in
such a way that a flexible, curved structure
results.
 Vertebral column surrounds and protects the
delicate spinal chord.
 Before birth, the spine consists of 33
separate bones called vertebrae, but 9 of
these eventually fuse to form the composite
bones, the sacrum and the coccyx, that
construct the inferior portion of the
vertebral column.
 Each single vertebrae is separated by pads
of flexible fibrocartilage
called, Intevertebral discs, which cushion
the vertebrae and absorb shocks while
allowing the spine flexibility.

23. Vertebrae in each regions of the spine has different characteristics but they all
have similar sturctural pattern.
 Body or Centrum: the disclike, weight-bearing
part of th vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral
column.
 Vertebral Arch: arch fromed from the joining
of all posterior extensions, the laminae and
pedicles, from the vertebral body.
 Vertebral Foramen: the canal through which the
spinal chord passes.
 Transverse Process: two lateral projections from
the vertebral arch.
 Spinous Process: a single projection arising
from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch
(actually the fused laminae)
 Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: paired
projections lateral to the vertebral
foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with
adjacent vertebrae.

24. The 24 single bones of the spine are
divided into three (3) regions, the
cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae of the
neck), thoracic vertebrae (the next
12), and lumbar vertebrae (the
remaining 5 that supports the lower
back).

25. The Cervical Vertebrae (C1 – C7):
 The seven cervical vertebrae (identified as C1
to C7) form the neck region.
 The frist two vertebrae (atlas and axis) are
different because they perform functions not
shared by the other cervical vertebrae.
 Atlas (C1): it has no body; the
superior surfaces of its transverse
process contain large depressions that
receive the occipital condyles of the
skull – this joint allows you to nod ―yes‖.
 Axis (C2): acts as a pivot for the
rotation of the atlas (and skull) above; it
has a large upright process, the dens
which acts as the pivot point; the joint
between C1 and C2 allows you to rotate
your head from side to side to indicate
―no‖.
 The typical cervical vertebrae (C3 through C7)
are the smallest, lightest vertebrae and most
often, their spinous process are short and
divided into two branches.

26. Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12):
 Are larger than the
cervical vertebrae
 Its body is somewhat
heart-shaped and has two
costal facets (articulating
surfaces) on each side,
which receive the heads of
the ribs
 Its spinous process is long
and hooks sharply
downward, causing the
vertebra to look like a
giraffe’s head viewed from
the side.

27. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 to L5):
 Have a massive blocklike
bodies
 Their short, hatchet-shaped
spinous process make them
look like a moose head from
the lateral aspect.
 They are the sturdiest of
the vertebrae.

28. Sacrum:
 The sacrum is formed by the fusion of
five vertebrae.
 Superiorly it articulates with L5, and
inferiorly it connects with the coccyx
 Sacrum forms the posterior wall of
the pelvis
 Alae - winglike projection that articulate
laterally with the hip bones, forming the
sacroiliac joints.
 Median sacral crest – roughened midline
posterior surface which is a fusion of
spinous process of the sacral vertebrae.
 Sacral canal – the continuation of
vertebral canal in the sacrum and
teminates in a large inferior opening –
the sacral hiatus.
Coccyx:
 Coccyx is formed by the fusion of four tiny,
irregularly shaped vertebrae.
 It is the human ―tailbone‖ – a remnant of the
tail that other vertebrate animals have.

29.  The bony thorax is
composed of the sternum,
ribs, and thoracic
vertebrae.
 It is often called the
thoracic cage because it
forms a protective cage
of slender bones around
the ogans of the thoracic
cavity (heart, lungs, and
major blood vessels).

30. Sternum (Breastbone):
 The sternum is a typical flat bone which
is the result of fusion of three bones –
the manubrium, body, and xiphoid
process.
 Because the sternum is so close to the
body surface, it is usually the site to
obtain samples of blood forming tissue
for the diagnosis of suspected blood
diseases. (Sternal puncture).
 It is where the first seven pairs of ribs
are attached.
 Jugular notch – concave upper border of
the manubrium that can be palpated easily.
 Sternal angle – where the manubrium and
body meet at a slight angle to each
other, so that a transverse ridge is formed
at the level of the second ribs; it provides
a handy reference point for counting ribs
to locate the second intercostal space for
listening to certain heart waves.
 Xiphisternal joint – the point where the
sternal body and xiphoid process fuse; it
lies at the level of teh ninth thoracic
vertebra.

31. RIBS:
 12 pairs of ribs form the walls of
the bony thorax.
 All the ribs articulate with the
vertebral column posteriorly and
then curve downward and toward
the anterior body surface.
 True ribs: the first sseven pairs of
ribs that are directly attached to the
sternum by costal cartilages.
 False ribs: that next five pairs of
ribs that are either attached
indrirectly to the sternum or are not
attached to the sternum at all.
 Floating ribs: are false ribs
that lack the sternal attachment.

32.  The appendicular skeleton
is composed of 126 bones
of the limbs (appendages)
and the pectoral and
pelvic girdles, which
attach the limbs to the
axial skeleton.

33.  Each pectoral girdle
consists of two bones –
a clavicle and a scapula.
 The shoulder girdle is
very light and allows the
upper limb to have
exceptionally free
movement.
 The shoulder girdle is
very easily dislocated.

34. Clavicle (Collar Bone):
 It is a slender, doubly curved
bone.
 It attaches the manubrium of
the sternum medially (at its
sternal end) and to the
scapula laterally, where it
helps to form the shoulder
joint (at its acromial end)
 It acts as a brace to hold the
arm away from the top of the
thorax and helps prevent
shoulder dislocation
 When the clavicle is broken,
the whole shoulder region
caves in medially.

35. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades):
 Are triangular and are commonly called ―wings‖
because they flare when we move our arms
posteriorly.
 It is not directly attached to the axila skeleton;
it is loosely held in place by trunk muscles.
 The scapula has three borders – superior
border, medial (vertebral) border, and lateral
(axillary) border.
 Important markings:
 Acromion – the enlarged end of the spine of
the scapula; it connects with the clavicle
laterally at the acromioclavicular joint.
 Coracoid process – points over the top of
the shoulder and anchors some of the
muscles of the arm.
 Suprascapular notch – serves as a nerve
passageway.
 Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that
receives the head of the arm bone located at
the lateral angle.

36.  Each upper limb is composed
of thirty separate bones
 They form the foundations
of the arm, forearm, and
hand.

37. Arm:
 It is formed by a single bone, the
humerus.
 Humerus is a typical long bone
 At its proximal end is a rounded
head that fits into the shallow
glenoid cavity of the scapula.
 Important markings:
 Greater and lesser tubercles – are
sites of muscle attachments
 Deltoid tuberosity – where the
large, fleshy deltoid muscle of the
shoulder attaches.
 Trochlea and Capitulum – these
processes articulates with bone of
the forearm

38. Forearm:
 Formed by two bones, the
radius and the ulna.
 Radius – the lateral bone, that
is, on the thumb side of the
forearm; when the hand is
rotated so that the palm
faces backward, the distal
end of the radius crosses over
and ends up medial to the ulna
 Ulna – is the medial bone (on
the little finger side) of the
forearm

39. Hand:
 The skeleton of the hand consists of
the carpals, the metacarpals, and the
phalanges
 Carpal Bones – are arranged in two
irregular rows of four bones each, forms
the part of the hand called the carpus
(wrist); they are bound by ligaments that
restrict movement between them.
 Metacarpals – forms the palm of the hand;
they are numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb
side of the hand toward the little finger;
when the fist is clenched, the heads of the
metacarpals become obvious as the
―knuckles‖.
 Phalanges – are the bones of the fingers;
each hand contains 14 phalanges; there are
three phalanges in each finger
(proximal, middle, and distal), except in the
thumb, which has only two (proximal and
distal).

40.  The pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bones, or ossa coxae, commonly
called hip bones.
 Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, the hips bones form the bony
pelvis.
 The bones of the pelvic girdles are large and heavy, and they are attached
securely to the axial skeleton.
 Each hipbone is formed by the fusion of three bones: the illium, ischium, and
pubis.

41. Illium:
 Connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
 It is a large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone.
 Important markings are:
 Alae – the winglike portion of the ilia
 Iliac crest – the upper edge of the alae

42. Ischium:
 It is the ―sit-down bone‖, since it forms he most inferior part of the coxal bone.
 Important markings are:
 Ischial tuberosity – is a roughened area that receives body weight when your are sitting.
 Ischial spine – important anatomcal landmard, particuarly in the pregnant women, because it
narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass during the birth process.
 Greater sciatic notch – allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis
posteriorly into the thigh.

43. Pubis (Pubic Bone):
 Is the most anterior part of the coxal bone
 Important markings are:
 Obturator foramen – an opening that allows blood vessels and neves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh.
 Pubis symphysis – a cartilaginous joint resulted from the fusion of two pubic bones of the hip.
 Acetabulum – where the ilium, schium, and pubis are fused together; it receives the head of the thigh bone.

44. Differences Between The Male And Female Pelvis:
 The female inlet is larger and
more circular
 The female pelvis as a whole is
shallower, and the bones are
lighter and thinner
 The female sacrum is shorter and
less curved
 The female ischial spines are
shorter and farther apart, thus
the outlet is larger
 The female pubic arc is more
rounded because the angle of the
pubic arc is greater. Female Male

45.  It carry out our total
body weight when we are
erect
 The bones of the lower
limbs are much thicker
and stronger than the
comparable bones of the
upper limb
 It is composed by the
bones of the
thigh, leg, and foot)

46. Thigh Bone:
 Composed of a single
bone, the femur.
 Femur is the
longest, heaviest, and
strongest bone in the body; it
slants medially as it runs
downward to join with the leg
bones—this brings the knees in
line with the body’s center of
gravity.
 Important markings are:
▪ Gluteal tuberosity – along with
the trochanters and
intertrochanteric crest located
on the shaft, serves as site for
muscle attachment.
▪ Lateral and Medial condyles –
articulates with the tibia below.

47. Leg:
 Formed by the two bones, the
tibia and fibula, connected along
their length by an interosseous
membrane.
 Tibia (shinbone) – lager and more
medial
▪ Medial and lateral condyles –
articualate with the distal end of the
femur to form the knee joint.
▪ Medial malleolus – forms the inner
bulge of the ankle
▪ Anterior Crest (border) – a sharp
ridge anterior surface of the tibia
which is unprotected by muscles, thus,
it is easily felt beneath the skin.
 Fibula – lies alongside the tibia; it has
no part in forming the knee joint.
▪ Lateral malleolus – forms the outer
part of the ankle.

48. Foot:
 Composed of the
tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
 It supports our body weight
and serves as a lever that
allows us to propel our
bodies forward when we walk
and run.
 Tarsus – composed of seven
tarsal bones that form the
half of the foot.
 Metatarsals – forms the sole
 Phalanges – forms the toes

49.  Also called articulations
 They hold the bones
together securely and
also give the rigid
skeleton mobility.

50. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION BY STRUCTURE
(Based On The Amount Of Movement (Based On Whether Fibrous Tissue,
Allowed By The Joint) Cartilage, Or A Joint Cavity Separates The
Bones)
 Synarthroses –  Fibrous joints – are joints
immovable joints (i.e. united by fibrous tissues (i.e.
joints of the cranium) sutures of the skull);
syndesmoses
 Amphiarthroses –  Cartilaginous joints – are joints
slightly movable joints connected y cartilages and are
(i.e. some joints in the slightly movable
spinal column) (amphiarthrotic); examples are
the pubic symphysis of the
 Diarthroses – freely pelvis and the intervertebral
movable joints (i.e. joints of the spinal column.
joints of the limbs)  Synovial joints – are those in
which the articulating bone ends
are separated by a joint cavity
containing synovial fluid.

51. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS Has Four
Distinguishing Features:
 Articular Cartilage:
articular (hyaline) cartilage covers
the ends of the bones forming the
joint
 Fibrous Articular Capsule: are
capsule of fibrous connective tissue
line with a smooth synovial
membrane (the reason these joint
are called synovial joints) that
enclose the joint surfaces.
 Joint Cavity: the cavity which
contains lubricating fluid which is
enclosed by the articular capsule.
 Ligaments: reinforcing the
fibrous capsule.

52. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Plane Joint: the
articular surfaces are
essentially flat, and only
short slipping of gliding
movements are allowed;
gliding does not involve
rotation around any axis
(nonaxial
movement), best
examples are the
intercarpal joints of the
wrist.

53. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Hinge Joint: the
cylindrical end of one
bone fits into a trough-
shaped surface on
another bone; angular
movement is allowed in
just one plane; hinge
joints are classified as
uniaxial (―one axis‖
movement); best examples
are the elbow joint, ankle
joint, and the joints
between phalanges of the
fingers.

54. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Pivot Joint: the
rounded end of one bone
fits into a sleeve or ring
of bone (and possibly
ligaments); the rotating
bone can turn only around
its long axis, thus, pivot
joints are also classified
as uniaxial joint; best
examples are the proximal
radioulnar joint and the
joint between the atlas
and the dens of the axis.

55. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Condyloid (“knucklelike)
Joint: the egg-shaped
articular surface of one
bone fits into an oval
concavity in another; it allow
the moving bone to move (1)
from side to side and (2)
back and forth, but the bone
cannot rotate around its long
axis (movement occurs
around two axes, hence
these joints are biaxial);
best example is the knuckle
(metacarpophalangeal)
joints.

56. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Saddle Joint: each
articular surface has both
convex and concave
areas, like a saddle; it
allows essentially the
same movements as
condyloid joint (biaxial);
the best examples are the
carpometacarpal joints in
the thumb.

57. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Ball-and-Socket Joint:
the spherical head of
one bone fits into a round
socket in another; it allow
movement in all axes
including rotation
(multiaxial), and are the
most freely moving
synovial joints; best
examples are the shoulder
joints and the hip joints.

58. That’s all guys…
Thank you for listenin