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DISCUSS APPROACH IN
         PATIENTS WITH
       ATAXIC DISORDERS


     SPEAKER: Dr. Yashwanth.A.L
MODERATOR: Dr. B.N.Raghavendra Prasad
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION
• TYPES
• APPROACH
• DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
• Ataxia is derived from greek word
         ‘a’     - not
         ‘taxis’ - orderly
     ( not orderly/ not in order )

• The term ataxia is used by clinicians to denote a
  syndrome of imbalance and incoordination
  involving gait and limbs, as well as speech; it
  usually connotes a disorder involving the
  cerebellum or its connections
DEFINING ATAXIA

• Ataxia is a symptom, not a specific disease or
  diagnosis.

• Ataxia means poor coordination of movement.

• The term ataxia is most often used to describe
  walking that is uncoordinated and unsteady.
  Ataxia can affect coordination of
  fingers, hands, arms, speech (dysarthria) and eye
  movements (nystagmus).
• Ataxia can also result from disturbances of
  sensory input to the cerebellum, especially
  proprioceptive input and also involvement of
  vestibular system.

• The clinical approach to patients with ataxia
  involves differentiating ataxia from other sources
  of imbalance and inco-ordination, distinguishing
  cerebellar from sensory ataxia, and designing an
  evaluation based on knowledge regarding
  various causes of ataxia and cerebellar disorders.
Why proper approach in
a patient with ataxia is
      necessary ??
• Acute cerebellar lesions often produce severe
  abnormalities early but may show remarkable
  recovery with time & some of the ataxias are
  reversible.

• Chronic progressive diseases of the cerebellum tend
  to cause a gradually declining balance with longer
  lasting effects. To some extent, signs and symptoms
  have a relation to the location of the lesions in the
  cerebellum.

• Generalized cerebellar lesions give rise to
  symmetrical symptomatology.
MECHANISM OF DEVELOPING ATAXIA
• ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM
       - LOBES
       - AFFERENTS
       - EFFERENTS
       - FUNCTIONS
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1. HEMISPHERES
   - Appendicular coordination

2. VERMIS
   - Gait & other axial functions

3. FLOCCULO- NODULAR/ VESTIBULO
   CEREBELLUM
   - Eye movements & gross balance & gross
   orientation like up and down.
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• The inferior cerebellar peduncle contains many
  fiber systems from the spinal cord (including
  fibers from the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts and
  cuneocerebellar tract and lower brain stem
  (including the olivocerebellar fibers from the
  inferior olivary nuclei, which give rise to the
  climbing fibers within the cerebellar cortex).

• The inferior cerebellar peduncle also contains
  inputs from the vestibular nuclei and nerve and
  efferents to the vestibular nuclei.
• The middle cerebellar peduncle consists of fibers
  from the contralateral pontine nuclei. These
  nuclei receive input from many areas of the
  cerebral cortex.

• The superior cerebellar peduncle, composed
  mostly of efferent fibers, contains axons that
  send impulses to both the thalamus and spinal
  cord, with relays in the red nuclei. Afferent fibers
  from the ventral spinocerebellar tract also enter
  the cerebellum via this peduncle.
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• ARCHICEREBELLUM/ FLOCCULO NODULAR/
  VESTIBULO CERELLUM
    - Eye movements, gross balance and orientation
    - Inferior cerebellar pudencle
• PALLEOCEREBELLUM/ SPINOCEREBELLUM/ VERMIS
  & PAR VERMIAN REGION
   - Posture, Muscle tone, Axial muscle
  control, Locomotion
   - Inferior/ middle/ superior pudencle
• NEOCEREBELLUM/ CELEBELLAR HEMISPHERES/
  PONTO CEREBELLUM
   - Coordinating movements, Fine motor control
   - middle/ superior pudencle
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TYPES OF ATAXIA
1.   CEREBELLAR
2.   SENSORY
3.   VESTIBULAR
4.   FRONTAL LOBE ATAXIA
5.   MIXED
6.   PSYCHOGENIC
7.   PSEUDO ATAXIA
8.   MISCELLANEOUS
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a   b   c
                Cerebellar
                  Ataxia

                Ataxic gait and
                position:
d                 Left cerebellar tumor

                a. Sways to the right in
                   standing position
                b. Steady on the
                  right leg
                c. Unsteady on the
                  left leg
                d. ataxic gait
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• SENSORY- Sensory disturbances can also on occasion
  simulate the imbalance of cerebellar disease; with
  sensory ataxia, imbalance dramatically worsens when
  visual input is removed (Romberg sign).

• VESTIBULAR – ataxia associated with vestibular nerve
  or labyrinthine disease results in a disorder of gait
  associated with a significant degree of dizziness, light-
  headedness, or the perception of movement

• PSEUDO ATAXIA- Mild Pyramidal weakness &
  Extrapyramidal disorders, weakness of proximal leg
  muscles mimics cerebellar disease

• PSYCHOGENIC – Extremely anxious patients
CLASSIFICATION
• BASED ON ONSET AND PROGRESSION
   - ACUTE
   - SUB ACUTE
   - CHRONIC

• BASED ON SITE OF PRESENTATION
   - UNILATERAL
   - BILATERAL
   - LIMB ATAXIA
   - TRUNCAL ATAXIA
MISCELLANEOUS

• WING- BEATING ATAXIA/ RUBRAL ATAXIA
   - Involvement of rubro- cerebello- thalamo tract
  and red nucleus
   - seen in 1. MS
             2. Wilsons
             3. Midbrain stroke

• THALAMIC ATAXIA
   - An unusual and transient ataxia of the
  contralateral limbs occurs acutely after infarction
  or hemorrhage in the anterior thalamus
MISCELLANEOUS

• Vertiginous ataxia is primarily an ataxia of gait and is
  distinguished by the obvious complaint of vertigo and
  listing to one side, past pointing, and rotary nystagmus.

• The nonvertiginous ataxia of gait caused by vestibular
  paresis (e.g., streptomycin toxicity).

• Vertigo and cerebellar ataxia may be concurrent, as in
  some patients with a paraneoplastic disease and in
  those with infarction of the lateral medulla and inferior
  cerebellum.
APPROACH
CASE
HISTORY

• 40 year old female, right handed
  individual, school teacher by occupation from
  kGF came with complaints of
CASE
CHIEF COMPLAINTS

• SWAYING forwards and sideways while
  getting up from supine posture – 2 yrs
CASE
HOPI
• Apparently normal 2 yrs ago
• She noticed swaying forwards and side ways while
  getting up from supine posture and while walking in
  narrow passages. gradual onset, slowly progressive
• She started appreciating worsening of swaying
  whenever she stood in attention posture with hands
  held behind during morning school prayer hours.
• Clumpsiness of hands present in the form of illegible
  handwriting but not small in size.
CASE
• No involuntary movements like tremors.
• She is able to sit up and stand without support.
• No change in speech
• She did not complain of tightness or loosening of
  limbs
• No h/o dizziness/light headedness/or perception
  of movement.
• No h/o tinnitus
CASE
• no h/o back pain or radiating pain
• No difficulty in walking /gripping slippers
• No difficulty in mixing food /reaching out
  objects
• Able to differentiate hot /cold water
• Able to feel the floor
• Washbasin sign - negative
CASE
•   No h/o altered sensorium,
•   no h/o disorientation.
•   she was able to precieve the smell normally
•   she was able to read the news paper
•    no h/o double vision
•   No h/o reduced sensations over face and she
    was able to chew the food.
CASE
• she was able to close the eyes and no h/o
  deviation of ankle of mouth or drooling of
  saliva.
• No h/o hard of hearing,no vertigo
• No h/o dysphagia,nasal regurgitation
• No h/o dysarthria
CASE
• she was able to feel the sensation of the
  bladder,initiate and control
  micturiation,completely evacuate the bladder.
• No h/o bowel incontinence,constipation.
• No h/o any altered sweating pattern .
CASE
•   No h/o fever, headace,seizures
•   No h/o loss of appetite / weight loss
•   No h/o skin rashes
•   No h/o trauma
•   No h/o any drug intake/exposure to toxins
•   No h/o recent vaccination
Swaying gait

How to utilize history in localization?
Approach to Ataxia

                               Ataxia




Unilateral/Focal
                                        symmetrical




   Acute
                   Sub-acute            chronic
• .
           Acute unilateral/focal ataxia




      Vascular       Infection     Demyelination
How to approach a
patient with sub-acute
unilateral/focal ataxia
Sub-acute unilateral ataxia


                Sub-acute
             unilateral ataxia



Neoplastic   Demyelination       Infection

                                 AIDS related
How to approach a patient
with chronic unilateral/focal
           ataxia
chronic unilateral/focal ataxia

          Chronic unilateral
               ataxia




Stable gliosis            congenital
How will you approach a
  patient with chronic
  symmetrical ataxia?
Chronic symmetrical ataxia

Inherited   Para-neoplastic   hypothyroidism




               Anti-gliadin       Tabes
Phenytoin       antibody         dorsalis
How will you approach a
patient with symmetrical
    sub-acute ataxia
Sub-acute symmetrical ataxia


                  Sub-acute
                 symmetrical
                    ataxia


                 Alcohol &
Drugs & Toxins                 Lyme disease
                 nutritional
How will you approach a
  patient with acute
  symmetrical ataxia
Acute symmetrical ataxia


                   Acute
                symmetrical
                   ataxia


                Acute viral    Post-infectious
Intoxications
                cerebellitis     syndrome
Acquired Vs genetic causes of
           ataxia
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Ataxias based on age of onset
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Ataxia due to drugs and toxins

  What to remember during history?
Drugs
• Anti-epileptics
               Phenytion, carbamazepine,
              Barbiturates,gabapentin,
               topiramate
• Chemotherapeutic agents
                          5-FU, cisplatin, paclitaxel,
                         Cyclosporin,methotrexate
• Anti-psychotics
                              lithum
• cardiac                 amiodarone
• Antibiotics            metronidazole
Toxin induced ataxia
•   Cocaine and heroin
•   Metals: mercury, lead
•   Toluene and benzene derivatives: glue,paint
•   Shell fish
•   Eucalyptus oil
•   Insecticides: chlordecone,phosphine,carbondi-
                   sulphide( cellophane
    manufacture)
What are the features of late onset
  inherited cerebellar ataxias?
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SYSTEMIC FEATURES WITH ATAXIA
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Machado-Joseph Disease/Sca3
• MJD was first described among the Portuguese and their descendants in New
  England and California. Subsequently, MJD has been found in families from
  Portugal, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, India, Israel, Italy, Ja
  pan, Spain, Taiwan, and the United States. In most populations, it is the most
  common autosomal dominant ataxia.
Symptoms and Signs
MJD has been classified into three clinical types.
In type I MJD (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–parkinsonism–dystonia type),
  - neurologic-deficits appear in the first two decades and
  - involve weakness and spasticity of extremities, especially the legs, often with
    dystonia of the face, neck, trunk, and extremities.
  - Patellar and ankle clonus are common, as are extensor plantar responses. The
    gait is slow and stiff, with a slightly broadened base and lurching from side to
    side; this gait results from spasticity, not true ataxia.
  - There is no truncal titubation. Pharyngeal weakness and spasticity cause
    difficulty with speech and swallowing.
  - Of note is the prominence of horizontal and vertical nystagmus, loss of fast
    saccadic eye movements, hypermetric and hypometric saccades, and
    impairment of upward vertical gaze.
  - Facial fasciculations, facial myokymia, lingual fasciculations without
    atrophy, ophthalmoparesis, and ocular prominence are common early
    manifestations.
• In type II MJD (ataxic type)
 - true cerebellar deficits of dysarthria and gait and extremity ataxia begin in
   the second to fourth decades along with corticospinal and extrapyramidal
   deficits of spasticity, rigidity, and dystonia.
- Type II is the most common form of MJD. Ophthalmoparesis, upward
   vertical gaze deficits, and facial and lingual fasciculations are also present.
- Type II MJD can be distinguished from the clinically similar disorders SCA1
   and SCA2.


• Type III MJD (ataxic-amyotrophic type)
 - presents in the fifth to the seventh decades with a pancerebellar disorder
   that includes dysarthria and gait and extremity ataxia.
 - Distal sensory loss involving pain, touch, vibration, and position senses
   and distal atrophy are prominent, indicating the presence of peripheral
   neuropathy.
 - The deep tendon reflexes are depressed to absent, and there are no
   corticospinal or extrapyramidal findings.
• The mean age of onset of symptoms in MJD is 25 years.

• Neurologic deficits invariably progress and lead to death from debilitation
  within 15 years of onset, especially in patients with types I and II disease.

• Usually, patients retain full intellectual function.

• The major pathologic findings are variable loss of neurons and glial
  replacement in the corpus striatum and severe loss of neurons in the pars
  compacta of the substantia nigra.

• A moderate loss of neurons occurs in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum
  and in the red nucleus.

• Purkinje cell loss and granule cell loss occur in the cerebellar cortex.

• Cell loss also occurs in the dentate nucleus and in the cranial nerve motor
  nuclei.

•    Sparing of the inferior olives distinguishes MJD from other dominantly
    inherited ataxias.
Features of SCA-12
• Uncommon worldwide
• Reported in European-American and Asian pedigrees
• Onset 8-55 years. Presents with action tremor which
  progress to head tremor
• Later ataxia occurs along with hyperreflexia and
  ocular abnormalities
• Extra-pyramidal features are rare
• Psychiatric symptoms reported
• Features similar in India. Mean age of onset 39 yrs
Patterns of SCA in India

       A Summary
SCA patterns in India
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What are the classical features
of early onset inherited ataxias
         Friedreich’s ataxia….
FA:Inheritance and onset


• Most frequent of autosomal recessive ataxia’s
• Onset in late childhood or adolescence
Tracts affected in Friedreich’s
FA: Clinical features

          Severe ataxia

 Areflexia and  Musculoskeletal
                                cardiomyopathy
↓proprioception abnormalities
Atypical features of FA
• Reflexes may be preserved or hyperactive
• Called FA with retained reflexes[FARR]
• Kyphoscoliosis and heart disease less common
  and prognosis is better
• Late onset FA [LOFA]. Onset beyond 25 years.
Friedreich’s ataxia in India….

 ……does it differ in clinical features?
FA in India: 30 patients followed up for
                   2-10 years
• Similar neurologic features
• Only 20% had ECG abnormalities
• Cardiac enlargement and heart failure seen in
  only one patient
• Cardiac involvement less frequent in Indian
  patients
• FA is less common than dominant ataxia’s in
  India [ ataxia registry 1997-2002].
FA in India: 30 patients followed up for
                   2-10 years
• Similar neurologic features
• Only 20% had ECG abnormalities
• Cardiac enlargement and heart failure seen in
  only one patient
• Cardiac involvement less frequent in Indian
  patients
• FA is less common than dominant ataxia’s in
  India [ ataxia registry 1997-2002].
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REFERENCES
1.   HARRISONS 18th EDITION
2.   ADAM & VICTORS
3.   BRADLEY
4.   BRAIN’S
5.   DEJONG
6.   JOHN PATTEN

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Ataxia yash final

  • 1. DISCUSS APPROACH IN PATIENTS WITH ATAXIC DISORDERS SPEAKER: Dr. Yashwanth.A.L MODERATOR: Dr. B.N.Raghavendra Prasad
  • 2. • INTRODUCTION • CLASSIFICATION • TYPES • APPROACH • DISCUSSION
  • 3. INTRODUCTION • Ataxia is derived from greek word ‘a’ - not ‘taxis’ - orderly ( not orderly/ not in order ) • The term ataxia is used by clinicians to denote a syndrome of imbalance and incoordination involving gait and limbs, as well as speech; it usually connotes a disorder involving the cerebellum or its connections
  • 4. DEFINING ATAXIA • Ataxia is a symptom, not a specific disease or diagnosis. • Ataxia means poor coordination of movement. • The term ataxia is most often used to describe walking that is uncoordinated and unsteady. Ataxia can affect coordination of fingers, hands, arms, speech (dysarthria) and eye movements (nystagmus).
  • 5. • Ataxia can also result from disturbances of sensory input to the cerebellum, especially proprioceptive input and also involvement of vestibular system. • The clinical approach to patients with ataxia involves differentiating ataxia from other sources of imbalance and inco-ordination, distinguishing cerebellar from sensory ataxia, and designing an evaluation based on knowledge regarding various causes of ataxia and cerebellar disorders.
  • 6. Why proper approach in a patient with ataxia is necessary ??
  • 7. • Acute cerebellar lesions often produce severe abnormalities early but may show remarkable recovery with time & some of the ataxias are reversible. • Chronic progressive diseases of the cerebellum tend to cause a gradually declining balance with longer lasting effects. To some extent, signs and symptoms have a relation to the location of the lesions in the cerebellum. • Generalized cerebellar lesions give rise to symmetrical symptomatology.
  • 8. MECHANISM OF DEVELOPING ATAXIA • ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM - LOBES - AFFERENTS - EFFERENTS - FUNCTIONS
  • 10. 1. HEMISPHERES - Appendicular coordination 2. VERMIS - Gait & other axial functions 3. FLOCCULO- NODULAR/ VESTIBULO CEREBELLUM - Eye movements & gross balance & gross orientation like up and down.
  • 13. • The inferior cerebellar peduncle contains many fiber systems from the spinal cord (including fibers from the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts and cuneocerebellar tract and lower brain stem (including the olivocerebellar fibers from the inferior olivary nuclei, which give rise to the climbing fibers within the cerebellar cortex). • The inferior cerebellar peduncle also contains inputs from the vestibular nuclei and nerve and efferents to the vestibular nuclei.
  • 14. • The middle cerebellar peduncle consists of fibers from the contralateral pontine nuclei. These nuclei receive input from many areas of the cerebral cortex. • The superior cerebellar peduncle, composed mostly of efferent fibers, contains axons that send impulses to both the thalamus and spinal cord, with relays in the red nuclei. Afferent fibers from the ventral spinocerebellar tract also enter the cerebellum via this peduncle.
  • 17. • ARCHICEREBELLUM/ FLOCCULO NODULAR/ VESTIBULO CERELLUM - Eye movements, gross balance and orientation - Inferior cerebellar pudencle • PALLEOCEREBELLUM/ SPINOCEREBELLUM/ VERMIS & PAR VERMIAN REGION - Posture, Muscle tone, Axial muscle control, Locomotion - Inferior/ middle/ superior pudencle • NEOCEREBELLUM/ CELEBELLAR HEMISPHERES/ PONTO CEREBELLUM - Coordinating movements, Fine motor control - middle/ superior pudencle
  • 19. TYPES OF ATAXIA 1. CEREBELLAR 2. SENSORY 3. VESTIBULAR 4. FRONTAL LOBE ATAXIA 5. MIXED 6. PSYCHOGENIC 7. PSEUDO ATAXIA 8. MISCELLANEOUS
  • 21. a b c Cerebellar Ataxia Ataxic gait and position: d Left cerebellar tumor a. Sways to the right in standing position b. Steady on the right leg c. Unsteady on the left leg d. ataxic gait
  • 23. • SENSORY- Sensory disturbances can also on occasion simulate the imbalance of cerebellar disease; with sensory ataxia, imbalance dramatically worsens when visual input is removed (Romberg sign). • VESTIBULAR – ataxia associated with vestibular nerve or labyrinthine disease results in a disorder of gait associated with a significant degree of dizziness, light- headedness, or the perception of movement • PSEUDO ATAXIA- Mild Pyramidal weakness & Extrapyramidal disorders, weakness of proximal leg muscles mimics cerebellar disease • PSYCHOGENIC – Extremely anxious patients
  • 24. CLASSIFICATION • BASED ON ONSET AND PROGRESSION - ACUTE - SUB ACUTE - CHRONIC • BASED ON SITE OF PRESENTATION - UNILATERAL - BILATERAL - LIMB ATAXIA - TRUNCAL ATAXIA
  • 25. MISCELLANEOUS • WING- BEATING ATAXIA/ RUBRAL ATAXIA - Involvement of rubro- cerebello- thalamo tract and red nucleus - seen in 1. MS 2. Wilsons 3. Midbrain stroke • THALAMIC ATAXIA - An unusual and transient ataxia of the contralateral limbs occurs acutely after infarction or hemorrhage in the anterior thalamus
  • 26. MISCELLANEOUS • Vertiginous ataxia is primarily an ataxia of gait and is distinguished by the obvious complaint of vertigo and listing to one side, past pointing, and rotary nystagmus. • The nonvertiginous ataxia of gait caused by vestibular paresis (e.g., streptomycin toxicity). • Vertigo and cerebellar ataxia may be concurrent, as in some patients with a paraneoplastic disease and in those with infarction of the lateral medulla and inferior cerebellum.
  • 28. CASE HISTORY • 40 year old female, right handed individual, school teacher by occupation from kGF came with complaints of
  • 29. CASE CHIEF COMPLAINTS • SWAYING forwards and sideways while getting up from supine posture – 2 yrs
  • 30. CASE HOPI • Apparently normal 2 yrs ago • She noticed swaying forwards and side ways while getting up from supine posture and while walking in narrow passages. gradual onset, slowly progressive • She started appreciating worsening of swaying whenever she stood in attention posture with hands held behind during morning school prayer hours. • Clumpsiness of hands present in the form of illegible handwriting but not small in size.
  • 31. CASE • No involuntary movements like tremors. • She is able to sit up and stand without support. • No change in speech • She did not complain of tightness or loosening of limbs • No h/o dizziness/light headedness/or perception of movement. • No h/o tinnitus
  • 32. CASE • no h/o back pain or radiating pain • No difficulty in walking /gripping slippers • No difficulty in mixing food /reaching out objects • Able to differentiate hot /cold water • Able to feel the floor • Washbasin sign - negative
  • 33. CASE • No h/o altered sensorium, • no h/o disorientation. • she was able to precieve the smell normally • she was able to read the news paper • no h/o double vision • No h/o reduced sensations over face and she was able to chew the food.
  • 34. CASE • she was able to close the eyes and no h/o deviation of ankle of mouth or drooling of saliva. • No h/o hard of hearing,no vertigo • No h/o dysphagia,nasal regurgitation • No h/o dysarthria
  • 35. CASE • she was able to feel the sensation of the bladder,initiate and control micturiation,completely evacuate the bladder. • No h/o bowel incontinence,constipation. • No h/o any altered sweating pattern .
  • 36. CASE • No h/o fever, headace,seizures • No h/o loss of appetite / weight loss • No h/o skin rashes • No h/o trauma • No h/o any drug intake/exposure to toxins • No h/o recent vaccination
  • 37. Swaying gait How to utilize history in localization?
  • 38. Approach to Ataxia Ataxia Unilateral/Focal symmetrical Acute Sub-acute chronic
  • 39. • . Acute unilateral/focal ataxia Vascular Infection Demyelination
  • 40. How to approach a patient with sub-acute unilateral/focal ataxia
  • 41. Sub-acute unilateral ataxia Sub-acute unilateral ataxia Neoplastic Demyelination Infection AIDS related
  • 42. How to approach a patient with chronic unilateral/focal ataxia
  • 43. chronic unilateral/focal ataxia Chronic unilateral ataxia Stable gliosis congenital
  • 44. How will you approach a patient with chronic symmetrical ataxia?
  • 45. Chronic symmetrical ataxia Inherited Para-neoplastic hypothyroidism Anti-gliadin Tabes Phenytoin antibody dorsalis
  • 46. How will you approach a patient with symmetrical sub-acute ataxia
  • 47. Sub-acute symmetrical ataxia Sub-acute symmetrical ataxia Alcohol & Drugs & Toxins Lyme disease nutritional
  • 48. How will you approach a patient with acute symmetrical ataxia
  • 49. Acute symmetrical ataxia Acute symmetrical ataxia Acute viral Post-infectious Intoxications cerebellitis syndrome
  • 50. Acquired Vs genetic causes of ataxia
  • 52. Ataxias based on age of onset
  • 56. Ataxia due to drugs and toxins What to remember during history?
  • 57. Drugs • Anti-epileptics Phenytion, carbamazepine, Barbiturates,gabapentin, topiramate • Chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU, cisplatin, paclitaxel, Cyclosporin,methotrexate • Anti-psychotics lithum • cardiac amiodarone • Antibiotics metronidazole
  • 58. Toxin induced ataxia • Cocaine and heroin • Metals: mercury, lead • Toluene and benzene derivatives: glue,paint • Shell fish • Eucalyptus oil • Insecticides: chlordecone,phosphine,carbondi- sulphide( cellophane manufacture)
  • 59. What are the features of late onset inherited cerebellar ataxias?
  • 73. Machado-Joseph Disease/Sca3 • MJD was first described among the Portuguese and their descendants in New England and California. Subsequently, MJD has been found in families from Portugal, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, India, Israel, Italy, Ja pan, Spain, Taiwan, and the United States. In most populations, it is the most common autosomal dominant ataxia. Symptoms and Signs MJD has been classified into three clinical types. In type I MJD (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–parkinsonism–dystonia type), - neurologic-deficits appear in the first two decades and - involve weakness and spasticity of extremities, especially the legs, often with dystonia of the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. - Patellar and ankle clonus are common, as are extensor plantar responses. The gait is slow and stiff, with a slightly broadened base and lurching from side to side; this gait results from spasticity, not true ataxia. - There is no truncal titubation. Pharyngeal weakness and spasticity cause difficulty with speech and swallowing. - Of note is the prominence of horizontal and vertical nystagmus, loss of fast saccadic eye movements, hypermetric and hypometric saccades, and impairment of upward vertical gaze. - Facial fasciculations, facial myokymia, lingual fasciculations without atrophy, ophthalmoparesis, and ocular prominence are common early manifestations.
  • 74. • In type II MJD (ataxic type) - true cerebellar deficits of dysarthria and gait and extremity ataxia begin in the second to fourth decades along with corticospinal and extrapyramidal deficits of spasticity, rigidity, and dystonia. - Type II is the most common form of MJD. Ophthalmoparesis, upward vertical gaze deficits, and facial and lingual fasciculations are also present. - Type II MJD can be distinguished from the clinically similar disorders SCA1 and SCA2. • Type III MJD (ataxic-amyotrophic type) - presents in the fifth to the seventh decades with a pancerebellar disorder that includes dysarthria and gait and extremity ataxia. - Distal sensory loss involving pain, touch, vibration, and position senses and distal atrophy are prominent, indicating the presence of peripheral neuropathy. - The deep tendon reflexes are depressed to absent, and there are no corticospinal or extrapyramidal findings.
  • 75. • The mean age of onset of symptoms in MJD is 25 years. • Neurologic deficits invariably progress and lead to death from debilitation within 15 years of onset, especially in patients with types I and II disease. • Usually, patients retain full intellectual function. • The major pathologic findings are variable loss of neurons and glial replacement in the corpus striatum and severe loss of neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. • A moderate loss of neurons occurs in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and in the red nucleus. • Purkinje cell loss and granule cell loss occur in the cerebellar cortex. • Cell loss also occurs in the dentate nucleus and in the cranial nerve motor nuclei. • Sparing of the inferior olives distinguishes MJD from other dominantly inherited ataxias.
  • 76. Features of SCA-12 • Uncommon worldwide • Reported in European-American and Asian pedigrees • Onset 8-55 years. Presents with action tremor which progress to head tremor • Later ataxia occurs along with hyperreflexia and ocular abnormalities • Extra-pyramidal features are rare • Psychiatric symptoms reported • Features similar in India. Mean age of onset 39 yrs
  • 77. Patterns of SCA in India A Summary
  • 81. What are the classical features of early onset inherited ataxias Friedreich’s ataxia….
  • 82. FA:Inheritance and onset • Most frequent of autosomal recessive ataxia’s • Onset in late childhood or adolescence
  • 83. Tracts affected in Friedreich’s
  • 84. FA: Clinical features Severe ataxia Areflexia and Musculoskeletal cardiomyopathy ↓proprioception abnormalities
  • 85. Atypical features of FA • Reflexes may be preserved or hyperactive • Called FA with retained reflexes[FARR] • Kyphoscoliosis and heart disease less common and prognosis is better • Late onset FA [LOFA]. Onset beyond 25 years.
  • 86. Friedreich’s ataxia in India…. ……does it differ in clinical features?
  • 87. FA in India: 30 patients followed up for 2-10 years • Similar neurologic features • Only 20% had ECG abnormalities • Cardiac enlargement and heart failure seen in only one patient • Cardiac involvement less frequent in Indian patients • FA is less common than dominant ataxia’s in India [ ataxia registry 1997-2002].
  • 88. FA in India: 30 patients followed up for 2-10 years • Similar neurologic features • Only 20% had ECG abnormalities • Cardiac enlargement and heart failure seen in only one patient • Cardiac involvement less frequent in Indian patients • FA is less common than dominant ataxia’s in India [ ataxia registry 1997-2002].
  • 92. REFERENCES 1. HARRISONS 18th EDITION 2. ADAM & VICTORS 3. BRADLEY 4. BRAIN’S 5. DEJONG 6. JOHN PATTEN