Open Team Science: a new team-based research methodology for socio-environmental cases in the open science era
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Slides presented at Japan Geoscience Union Annual Meeting 2018
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Open Team Science: a new team-based research methodology for socio-environmental cases in the open science era
- 1. Open team science A new team-based research methodology for socio- environmental cases in the open science era Yasuhisa Kondo1, Ge Wang2, Ui Ikeuchi3,1, Kei Kano4,1, Terukazu Kumazawa1, Ken’ichiro Nakashima5,1, Hideyuki Onishi6,1, Takeshi Osawa7,1, Tatsuki Sekino1 1 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 2 Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3 University of Tsukuba, 4 Shiga University, 5 Hiroshima University, 6 Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, 7 Tokyo Metropolitan University Session M-GI23 Open Science as a New Paradigm MGI23-01 May 23, 2018 13:45-14:00 Room 103
- 2. Open Science as Paradigm Global Research Infrastructure 16. We affirm the principle that efforts should be directed to promote a widespread participation of researchers in the network of global research infrastructures, taking account of the opportunities offered by open science paradigms. –– G7 Science Ministers’ Communiqué (September 28, 2017)
- 3. In the Era of Open Science… Scientific research will be Open by Default. Open data and content can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose. ––– http://opendefinition.org
- 4. Convergence to Open Science 2017/5/23 JpGU 2017 2 Open Science Open Data Open access Citizen science, crowd funding Research data, Data publication, Data repository Collaboration, Open innovation Open peer-review Reproducibility, transparency, conservation trans-disciplinary research Participation Transparency Collaboration Sharing Meta Research (Research on Research) (Adapted from Kitamoto 2017) Open Science Paradigms ↓Top-down Open Science Knowledge Policies ↑Bottom-up Engagement Approaches
- 5. Moose = = Salad = Apple Plate = Knowledge Integration in Team Science The US National Research Council defined Team Science as scientific collaboration conducted by more than one individual in an interdependent fashion. (Cooke & Hilton eds. 2015) (Adapted from Rosenfield 1992; Falk-Krzesinski 2014)
- 6. Information asymmetry in transdisciplinary projects Overgrowth of waterweed in Lake Biwa, Shiga, Japan Actor Research experts & Prefectural Office Coastal residents & Municipalities Unengaged public Problem Ecological Social (Bad odor & rubbish) Less interested Cost: 600M yen/year The waterweed issue is differently understood in different socio-geographical contexts.
- 7. Four approaches to reduce information asymmetry Transcendence (or framework-shifting) Zurashi (Miyauchi ed. 2013) An adaptive governance approach to transform the source of existing conflict or obstacle among actors by exploring a common goal to tackle together. Participation and Empowerment Encouraged participation & empowerment of marginalized (or “small voice”) people Visualization Data visualization helps participants to share information and perceive asymmetry more intuitively. Dialogue Mutual conversation to understand other views, not like a discussion or argument for (dis-)agreement Solution Obstacle Approach Civic Tech for a holistic approach
- 8. Civic Tech A participatory co-production of solution for local issues by self-motivated civic engineers using information and communication technologies and open data Graphic recording (by Y. Aruga)
- 9. Two Pathways of Open Data to Social Innovation Open Government Data Open Research Data Open Governance Open Science Social Innovation (Solution) Civic Tech Transdisciplinary ResearchRIHN Open Team Sci Project
- 10. Range Capability of Civic Tech Process of Research Current Transdisciplinary Theory (Mauser et al. 2013) Open Science Civic Tech 1. Problem identification Co-design of research agenda --- ✔ 2. Approach selection --- (Experts decide) --- (Experts decide) ✔ 3. Problem solution Co-production of knowledge Civic participation ✔ 4. Publication Co-dissemination of results Open Access Open Data ✔
- 11. The Open Team Science Methodology for the case of Lake Biwa waterweed… Open Scientific Knowledge Public engagementOpen Science Trans- disciplinary Research (TD) Outcome Resource Feedback Knowledge Production Action Input Output Networking = KAN Common problem Team Science Solution! Develop methods to measure effects Open Research Data [The FAIR Data Principle] Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable Civic Tech [Participation & Empowerment] Develop methods to reduce information asymmetry
- 12. The Open Team Science Methodology for the case of Lake Biwa waterweed… Open Scientific Knowledge Public engagementOpen Science Trans- disciplinary Research (TD) Outcome Resource Feedback Knowledge Production Action Input Output Networking = KAN Waterweed overgrowth Local team + RIHN Realistic solutions Develop methods to measure effects Questionnaire Survey [The FAIR Data Principle] Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable Lake Biwa Ideathon [Participation & Empowerment] Develop methods to reduce information asymmetry
- 13. Hypothesis-Practice-Assessment Cycle (Watanabe et al. eds. 2014) Case Study Assess- ment Working Hypo- thesis Indicator Criteria Outcome • Has the target issue been solved? Process • Did the tools work effectively? • Was the collaborative research project successful? Perception • How have participants’ values and understanding of the issue transformed through the project? Adapted from Horizon 2020 Responsible Research and Innovation • Participatory Observation • Semi-structured Interview • Periodical Questionnaire
- 14. Summary Integration of Open Science and TD Theories towards a new research paradigm of Open Team Science Methodology for Information Asymmetry Reduction - Transcendence - Empowerment - Visualization - Dialogue Open Science Transdisciplinary (TD) Team Science Open Team Science
- 16. RIHN Projects as Team Science Interviews to seven completed projects have revealed: • Every project is a team science with substantial interdependency between natural and social sciences. • Every project suffers from a gap in understanding focal issues among different disciplines and stakeholders. • The research resource accumulated to the RIHN is human resources and case study know-hows rather than data.
- 17. Fundamental Research Question There is often a gap between researchers from different domains or between researchers and societal actors in understanding the social issue caused by environment degradation. • Why does such a gap occur? • How can we overcome such a gap to solve the issue?
- 18. Gap = Information Asymmetry (Originally: one party has relevant information, whereas others do not; Akerlof 1970) • “Different views to the same thing” • Information asymmetry between actors obstacle solution-oriented team science because it may lead to different understandings in focal issues and other actors. • Such asymmetry could be caused by actors’ difference in: – Knowledge and technology; – Thought and value; and – Socioeconomic status and power.
- 19. Information Asymmetry in interdisciplinary projects Interpretation of protohistoric settlement dynamics in the Okayama region, Japan Wetter climate condition (Large-scale climate change) More flash floods (changes in local topography) Shift of settlements (Changes in local land use) State formation (Changes in social organization) Settlement dynamics in a region (Matsugi & Kondo in prep.) Climate change (Nakatsuka 2015) Archaeologists think local hazards and social transformation drove the settlement dynamics. Climatologists think climate change drove the settlement dynamics. “Social evolution”
- 20. Buzzwords Results in Information Asymmetry an important-sounding usually technical word or phrase often of little meaning used chiefly to impress laymen Resilience DNA Data Entropy Model Framing Database TEK (Trad. Env. Know.) SEK (Sci. Env. Know.) Empathy Snuggle Local Know. Dialogue Fūdo Culture Tradition Region Environment Nature Knowledge Wisdom Information Capability Conversation Research origin Socio-political origin General language origin Development Biodiversity Dissemination Issue-oriented Social Implementation Cultural Landscape Wellbeing Human Culture Open Data Governance Bond Source: RIHN Buzzword Survey 2017
- 21. Social-issue-oriented Research Approach Characteristics Reference Mode II Science Multidisciplinary teams working together for short periods of time on specific problems in the real world Gibbons et al. 1994 Citizen Science Public participation in organized research efforts Leach et al. 2005 Dickinson & Bonney 2012 Action Research A comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action Lewin 1946 Stinger 2007 Transdisciplinary Research (TD) A team science with societal stakeholders, targeting a real world problem Hadorn et al. 2007 Lang et al. 2011 Mauser et al. 2013
- 22. History of Transdisciplinary Theories Action Research SciTS: Science of Team Science Mode II Science (Gibbons et al.) TD @OECD as a solution to societal issues TD @WHO as knowledge integration Social Tech. (Kessel & Rosendield 2008; Cummings et al. 2013; Wang 2017) 1946 1970s 1994 2006 2017
- 23. http://www.scienceofteamscience.org/assets/SciTS_Conf_2010/presentations/2010-04-22-trochim.pdf Science of Team Science (SciTS)
- 24. Transdisciplinary Research (TD) “Science with Society” • Co-design of research agenda • Co-production of knowledge • Co-dissemination of the results with societal stakeholders (actors) such as governmental agencies, funders, industries, NPOs and civil society (Mauser et al. 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.001) Transdisciplinary research is always a team science, targeting a real world problem, and should ideally be a participatory action research. (after Hadorn et al. eds. 2007; Lang et al. 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0149-x) 24
- 25. Reduce information asymmetry by means of data visualisation and dialogue Socio- Economic Status & Power Socio- Economic Status & Power Local Actors Actors who need solution Bridging Agents Actors who facilitate mutual understanding of local agents and external collaborators Solution | Wisdom Value & Thought Knowledge & Technology Value & Thought Spin-off projects Knowledge & Technology Co-production of knowledge through participatory action research External Collaborators Actors who wish to assist solution ‘TD Wheel’ in the Era of Open Science Adapted from Carew & Wickson 2010 Presence of Bridging Agents is given.
- 26. Project Organization 28 members (iii) ID to TD transition Theory Development Group Working Hypothesis & Assessment 1. Diversion: Philosophy, Anthropology, Social Psychology, Ethics, … 2. Open Science: International/Japanese trends, Best practices, … 3. Team Science: SciTS, TD theories, … 4. Visualization: Ontology, GIS, Graphic facilitation, … 5. Co-creation: Hatenathon, Participatory public comments, … 6. Assessment: Semi-structured interview, Periodical questionnaire, … Community-based heritage management in Oman w/ Sultan Qaboos Univ. Ecological Recycling Project (PL: N. Okuda) Settlement dynamics & climate change in Okayama w/ Climate Adaptation History Proj. “Culture” as a buzzword w/ JSPS KAKENHI PaleoAsia Proj. Methodology Co-creation w/ Traceability Proj. Water infrastructure replacement in Furano w/ Sanitation Proj. Waterweed reuse in Lake Biwa [Mitsui & Co. Env. Fund] (ii) Community Empowerment in TD projects (i) Research thought sharing in ID projects Case Study Group
- 27. Project Members Bold: Core Member (iii) ID to TD transition Theory Development Group Working Hypothesis & Assessment 1. Diversion: Onishi, Abe, Fukunaga 2. Open Science: Osawa, Hayashi Ka., Kitamoto, Ikeuchi, Murayama 3. Team Science: Ota, Wang 4. Visualization: Kondo, Kumazawa, Sekino 5. Co-creation: Kano, Sato, Shimoyama 6. Assessment: Kano, Nakashima Community-based heritage management in Oman w/ Sultan Qaboos Univ. Benkari, Hayashi Ke. Kondo Ecological Recycling Project Okuda (PL), Asano, Ishikawa, Matsushita, Wakita Settlement dynamics & climate change in Okayama w/ Climate Adaptation History Proj. Nakatsuka (PL) “Culture” as a buzzword w/ JSPS KAKENHI PaleoAsia Proj. Kondo Onishi Methodology Co-creation w/ Traceability Proj. Tayasu Water infrastructure replacement in Furano w/ Sanitation Proj. Funamizu (PL) Hayashi Ko. Ushijima Waterweed reuse in Lake Biwa [Mitsui & Co. Env. Fund] Kondo, Kumazawa, Kamatani, Fujisawa, Shimoyama (ii) Community Empowerment in TD projects (i) Research thought sharing in ID projects Case Study Group Advisors Nakanishi, Taniguchi
- 28. (i) Research Thought Sharing in ID projects Topic Settlement dynamics and climate change in Okayama during the Yayoi-Kofun periods “Culture” as a buzzword Project Climate Adaptation History Project (Prehistory & Ancient History Group) JSPS KAKENHI PaleoAsia Project Actors & Information Asymmetry The main driver for the settlement dynamics was… Culture is… Climatologists (PI) Archaeologists Archaeolo gists (PI) Anthropol ogists Math. biologists Climate change. Social change. Material. Behavior. Agent. Cause for the Asymmetry Difference in research thoughts To what extent did the environment determine culture? Is culture created by individual or group? Reduction Approach [Recipe] Data Visualization and Switched Explanation Tools [Cooking tools] GIS, Ontology, Interview Ontology, Questionnaire
- 29. (ii) Community Empowerment in TD projects ←オルタナティブ→ Topic Waterweed Reuse in the Lake Biwa Catchment, Shiga Replacement of the small water supply system in Furano, Hokkaido Project Mitsui & Co. Environment Fund and Ecological Recycling Project (Waterweed WG) SIP Community-based Water Infrastructure Management Project in liaison to the RIHN Sanitation Project Actors & Information Asymmetry Overgrowth of the waterweed is… The purpose of the project is… Experts & Shiga Pref. Municipali- ties & Coastal residents Unengaged public Experts Student volunteers Ecological Social Uninterested Technological implementation Uninformed (unmotivated) Cause for the Asymmetry Different understanding and perception of the issue Different motivation Reduction Approach Community building through diversion, participation & empowerment Tools Civic Tech GIS, Interview, Questionnaire (Civic Tech inapplicable) Observation, GIS, Interview
- 30. (iii) New Enterprise: Transition from ID to TD Topic Sustainable renovation of vernacular oasis settlements in Oman Project New project in collaboration with Sultan Qaboos University Actors & Information Asymmetry Conservation of built heritage Government wants to do conservation based on the UNESCO guideline = Top-down actions without public engagement Architects and archaeologists want to do research = “helicopter science” Local residents respect the tradition, but do not want the old-fashioned inconvenient life. Cause for the Asymmetry Different motivation Reduction Approach Community empowerment, with particular attention to “small voice” female residents & students Tools Interview, Graphic facilitation, GIS Students interview an aged female resident of vernacular building in Oman Reuse plan of a vernacular building complex as tourist guesthouse
- 31. How to Assess Perceptual Transformation Before After Example question: Do you agree that local traditional knowledge is important to create solutions to socio-environmental issues? Information Asymmetry Reduction Strongly Disagree Strongly AgreeNeutral Strongly Disagree Strongly AgreeNeutral Average for scientists Average for non-scientists Average for scientists Average for non-scientists
- 32. Outputs and Outcome Goals This three-year project will clarify: • Q1: Causes to information asymmetry between actors; • Q2-4: Effective combination of visualization tools and dialogue techniques; and • Q5: Methods to measure the effects of the tools applied. Outputs International journal papers, cookbook, and portal website • Targets: Post-doc & Assist. Prof. level researchers and relevant practitioners who will lead a project in near future. • Contents will be published as open source. Outcome • Volunteers will improve the cookbook and portal website. • The methodology will be implemented to upcoming RIHN projects and the evaluation criteria. • Q6: Development of the Open Team Science (OpenTS) theory as a result of the integration of Open Science and TD theories (5) Utilization
- 33. Output A Portal Website for Open Team Science http://www.teamsciencetoolkit.cancer.gov
- 34. Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom 34Adapted from Bellinger et al. 2004 http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm Data Information Knowledge Wisdom Understanding Connectedness Understand Relations “what, who, when, where” Understand Patterns “how” Understand Principles “why” Clearly distinguish knowledge and information.
- 35. The FAIR Data Principles as a realistic solution to open research data • Findable • Accessible • Interoperable • Reusable 35https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples
- 36. Uneasiness of researchers is the most serious obstacle to open science Dialogue Group C, Open Science Unconference #2 (September 2016) This thought was validated by the Japan open research data survey in collaboration with the Nat. Inst. Sci. Tech. Policy (Ikeuchi et al. 2017)
- 37. Wicked Problem Approach 1 Diversion [or Transcendence?] • Zurashi in Japanese (Miyauchi ed. 2013; English translation to be determined) • An adaptive governance approach to transform the source of existing conflict or obstacle among actors by exploring a common goal to tackle together. Solution Obstacle Approach
- 38. Approach 2 Encouraged Participation & Empowerment of marginalised (or “small voice”) people Eight principles for empowerment (Amme & McCall eds. 2008) 1. A person chooses his or her own objectives. 2. The person takes initiative and the authority to make decisions. 3. The person considers his or her issues and the ways through which to resolve them. 4.Successes and failures are analyzed as opportunities to learn and build capacities. 5.Inner elements within the person and their supporters are discovered and fortified to change behaviors. 6.The person is prompted to participate in the process of resolving issues to boost their sense of responsibility. 7.Improvements are made to networks for supporting the process of resolving issues and their resources. 8.Motivation is boosted toward improving conditions for the person (such as the achievement of his or her objectives or their well-being). Focus group discussion with local NPO women in the Lake Biwa catchment, Japan Students interview an aged female resident of vernacular building in Oman
- 39. Approach 3 Fair Data Visualization • Data visualisation helps participants to share information and perceive asymmetry more intuitively. Graphic facilitationOntological mapping
- 40. Approach 4 Dialogue • Multi-dimensional, dynamic, and context- dependent process of creating meaning. (Philips 2011) • Mutual conversation to understand other views, not like a discussion or argument for (dis-)agreement. Hatenathon Questioning workshop serves for refining and sharing questions between participants, with removing “powerful” discourses.
- 41. Holistic Approach as a bundle of diversion, empowerment, visualization, and dialogue • Switched explanation for ID projects – Results are explained by counterpart experts. – Effective to share research thoughts. • Civic tech for TD projects – Citizens solve local social issues for themselves by using information and communication technologies (ICT) and open government data. (Matsuzaki 2017)
- 42. The continuity enhances the community tie. Con- tinue Facing the problem Providing ICT Providing knowledge Interested in the problem Interested in learning the knowledge and ICT Continuous commitment Solving the problem Interested in learning the knowledge and ICT Interested in the problem Workshop Providing ICT Providing knowledge Data sharing Skills & know- hows ICT tools enable remote contributions. Participants may come from remote places. An Example of Civic Tech Open data workshop “Hack the Terroir!” held at a winery in Hokkaido, Japan, July 2017 Illustration by S. Shimoyama
Editor's Notes
- This Core Project Full Research proposal is titled, Information Asymmetry Reduction in Open Team Science for socio-environmental cases. [click]
- Open Science is a fundamental paradigm of this proposal. It is now understood as a conceptual complex of top-down and bottom-up approaches. The top-down, open scientific knowledge policies include Open Access Journals and Open Research Data, while bottom-up engagement approaches include participatory citizen science, transdisciplinary research, and open innovation. [click]
- Team Science is another keyword of this proposal. The US National Research Council defined Team Science as scientific collaboration, conducted by more than one individual, in an INTERDEPENDANT fashion. Team Science can be unidisciplinary and multidisciplinary, but it is necessary to higher stages of knowledge integration in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research. In both interdisciplinary-ID, and transdisciplinary-TD, researchers from different disciplines work jointly to address a common problem. In ID teams, joint contributions remain anchored in their own disciplines, while in TD teams, researchers from different disciplines develop a shared conceptual framework to create new approaches, usually with societal stakeholders. [click]
- This slide shows an example of information asymmetry in a transdisciplinary, or TD project. Regarding the overgrowth of waterweed in Lake Biwa, being studied with the Ecological Recycling Project, research experts and policy makers of the prefectural office, think it is an ecological problem. In contrast, it is a social problem for coastal residents and municipalities because they suffer from bad odor of drifted waterweed and must remove it as rubbish. Moreover, most of the unengaged public seems NOT interested in this socio-environmental issue, even though they are tax payers for that. In this case, the waterweed issue is differently understood in different socio-geographical contexts. [click]
- This diagram presents two pathways to open social innovation. The first path departs from open government data, connected to open governance as a new civic participatory process of policy making, leading to a social innovation. This path is already realized by civic tech approaches. Now, another path, open research data and open science may also serve for social innovation. This path is partially covered by the conventional transdisciplinary approach, but we need [click] extend the coverage to open research data, by applying the range capability of Civic Tech. [click]
- This table explains the range capability of Civic Tech in comparison to the conventional process of research. The current TD theory emphasizes co-design of research agenda, co-production of knowledge, and co-dissemination of the results. However, it is implicitly thought that, selecting an appropriate approach is experts’ job. The entire workflow of Open Science has not yet been proposed, but civic participation corresponds to the phase of problem solution, and results are published in a form of Open Access and Open Data. In similar to the conventional process, experts select an appropriate approach even in the context of Open Science. It is underlined here that, Civic Tech can cover the entire process, including the phase of approach selection. [click]
- This is the summary of our methodology to be developed. In our thought, the concept of Open Science should consist of Open Scientific Knowledge and the engagement of societies to scientists’ community. Open Research Data is implemented to the TD process as an input resource. As a method to engage societies to research experts, Civic Tech is applied to the team-based knowledge production, action, and networking to co-create a solution as outcome, which is then fed back to the resource to be used for next projects. [click] In this process, we need develop methods to reduce information asymmetry between actors and to measure effects of this co-creation process. This is also applicable for ID projects. [click]
- This is the summary of our methodology to be developed. In our thought, the concept of Open Science should consist of Open Scientific Knowledge and the engagement of societies to scientists’ community. Open Research Data is implemented to the TD process as an input resource. As a method to engage societies to research experts, Civic Tech is applied to the team-based knowledge production, action, and networking to co-create a solution as outcome, which is then fed back to the resource to be used for next projects. [click] In this process, we need develop methods to reduce information asymmetry between actors and to measure effects of this co-creation process. This is also applicable for ID projects. [click]
- To measure the effect of information asymmetry reduction, we apply the so-called hypothesis-practice-assessment cycle repeatedly in a short interval. The assessment methods comprise participatory observation, semi-structured interview, and periodical questionnaire. We assess not only the outcome and process of the target projects, but also the perceptual transformation of participants. This is new. [click]
- I must underline with this slide that this Core Project integrates the Open Science and TD Theories to create a methodology of Open Team Science as a new research paradigm. [click]
- Since 2014, we have had interviews to project leaders and main members of seven completed RIHN projects. The interviews have revealed, every project is a team science, and suffers from gaps in understanding focal issues among different disciplines and stakeholders. We also realized, the research resource accumulated to the RIHN is human resources and case study know-hows rather than data. [click]
- What we call gap corresponds to information asymmetry, which was originally defined in economics to represent the market situation that one party has relevant information, whereas others do not. In short, it is different views to the same thing. In markets, information asymmetry affects price formation. Here, in the context of team science, information asymmetry can be an obstacle because it may lead to different understandings in focal issues and other actors. Such asymmetry could be caused by actors’ difference in knowledge and technology, thought and value, and socioeconomic status and power. [click]
- This slide shows an example of information asymmetry in an interdisciplinary, or ID project. In this case of the interpretation of archaeological settlement dynamics in the Climate Adaptation History Project, climatologists tend to think climate change drove the shift of settlement locations, while archaeologists think both local hazards and social transformation resulted in the shift of settlement locations. This different interpretation may be caused by different research thoughts. [click]
- In other words, transdisciplinary approach is a science with society...
- This slide shows the project organization. We have twenty-eight members, largely divided to the Theory Development Group and Case Study Group. The Theory Development Group builds working hypothesis, diversion, Open Science, and Team Science theories, and visualization, co-creation, and assessment methods. These hypothesis, theories and methods are tested through practical case studies in collaboration with allied projects. For the pair of ID projects, the information asymmetry caused by different research thoughts is reduced. For the pair of TD projects, information asymmetry among actors is reduced by community empowerment. Based on these experience, we will launch a new project on the community-based heritage management in Oman, which will transform an ID project to TD one. [click]
- This is the pair of ID case studies. The information asymmetry between climatologists and archaeologists mentioned before can be compared with the case of the PaleoAsia Project, in which the keyword “culture” means material for archaeologists, behavior for anthropologists, and agent for mathematical biologists. These two cases share the common cause of asymmetry in research thoughts. Therefore, we apply data visualization and switched explanation as a diversion technique. [click]
- For TD projects, we compare the Lake Biwa case with the replacement of small-scale water supply system in Furano, Hokkaido, being implemented by an external project in liaison to the Sanitation Project. In the Furano case, the purpose of the project is technological implementation for experts, while student volunteers did not know that purpose and they were left unmotivated. In both cases, we attempt to motivate unengaged actors through empowerment and diversion of the issue to what they get interested, to build a new community. [click] (There is a technical difference in these two cases. We can apply Civic Tech to the Lake Biwa case, while we cannot do so for the Funano case due to the project setting. We will study how this difference of approach affect the results of asymmetry reduction.)
- Our new project in sustainable renovation of vernacular oasis settlements in Oman is an enterprise of the transition from ID to TD. In this case, information asymmetry occurs due to different motivations to the conservation of built heritage between the government, research experts, and local residents. (The Omani government wants to proceed conservation based on the UNESCO guideline as a top-down action without public engagement. Architects and archaeologists used to come to the settlement for their own research purpose and leave without an in-depth communication with the local community to grasp local needs. Local residents respect their own tradition and heritage, but they do not want to continue the old-fashioned inconvenient life.) In this case, we have found that a community empowerment with particular attention to the small voice people, such as female residents and student volunteers will be effective to divert the issue. [click]
- This slide shows how to assess perceptual transformation. It is given that, at the first survey, most of scientists disagree to the discourse that local traditional knowledge is important for creating solutions, while non-scientists are neutral. After an information asymmetry reduction approach, we ask the same question. If both scientists and non-scientists agree, and the difference of average score for the two parties gets closer, this will be an effect of the information asymmetry reduction. [click]
- I explain the expected outputs and outcome before moving to the detail of case studies. This three-year project will approach the questions 1 to 5 mentioned before. We will clarify causes of information asymmetry between actors, effective combination of visualization tools and dialogue techniques, and methods to measure the effects of the tools applied. The outputs of this project will be international journal papers, a cookbook, and a portal website. Cookbook is a book that contains the methodology and best practices of information asymmetry reduction in the case studies. The methodological part corresponds to cooking methods and tools in a “real” cookbook, and best practices correspond to recipes. These publications target post-doc and assistant professor level researchers and relevant practitioners, who will lead team-based projects in the near future. The contents will be published as an open source so that volunteers can improve continuously and interactively. As outcome, this methodology will be implemented to upcoming RIHN projects and the evaluation criteria. Consequently, this project triggers the development of Open Team Science theory as a result of the integration of open science and TD theories. [click]
- This is an image of the portal website. This portal site provides toolkit for team science in medical science in America. [click]
- As response to the first general comment from the EREC, this proposal defines the conceptual relationship of information, knowledge, and wisdom as shown here. Information is a source to understand relations and make decision. It is accumulated to knowledge to understand patterns. Wisdom is wise use of knowledge to understand principles. [click]
- Although Open Science is becoming a paradigm, full open research data is still a burden for researchers. As a realistic alternative, the FAIR Data Principles has been proposed. According to this principle, Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data is a literally fair data. [click]
- The original word for diversion is zurashi in the Japanese language. Zurashi means shifting an issue to different status. In this project’s context, zurashi is an adaptive governance approach [click] to transform the source of existing conflict or obstacle among actors by exploring a common goal to tackle together. There is no formal English translation yet, and we are discussing more appropriate expression--transcendence for example. [click]
- Encouraged participation and empowerment of marginalized or small voice people is also important to information asymmetry reduction. The first three of the eight principles for empowerment listed here is most important. First a person chooses his or her own objectives. Second, the person takes initiative and authority to make decisions. Third, the person considers his or her issues and the ways through which to resolve them. [click]
- Data visualization helps participants to share information and perceive asymmetry more intuitively. [click]
- Dialogue is, in practice, a mutual conversation by which to listen to others’ view, not like a discussion or argument for agreement or disagreement. [click]
- We usually apply holistic approach as a bundle of these approaches. Switched explanation is applied to ID projects, in which research results are explained by counterpart experts. It is effective to share research thoughts. Civic Tech is applied to TD projects, in which citizens solve local social issues for themselves by using information and communication technologies, and open government data. [click]
- This is an example of a civic tech workshop. We noted through the participatory observation that a continuous activity, involving external expert volunteers with professional knowledge and skills, enhanced the community tie, even if experts contribute in a remote environment and occasionally meet in a real workshop. [click]