1. Evolution and Development of Architecture and Urbanism in Kuwait Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Department of Architecture College of Engineering and Petroleum Kuwait University Lecture presented at Qatar University February 24, 2010

4. My Homepage: http:// ymahgoub .fortunecity.com

5. My Homepage: http:// kuniv.academia.edu/ YasserMahgoub

8. Location

11. 50 كويت ما قبل 19 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

12. 50 كويت ما قبل 19 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

13. 50 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

14. 50 كويت ما بعد 19 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

15. 60 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

16. 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ 60

17. 70 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

18. 80 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

19. 80 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

20. 90 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

21. 90 19 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

22. 2000 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

23. 2000 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

24. 2000 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

25. 2000 كويت ما بعد 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ويت كــــ

27. Arial view of Kuwait before the discovery of oil

28. The urban fabric of old Kuwait city

32. Kuwait old walls

37. The 1 st Master Plan

38. The 1 st Master Plan

39. The 1 st Master Plan

40. Kuwait Planning and road systems.

41. The 2 nd Master Plan

42. The 3 rd Master Plan Proposal

43. Capacity of Current Urban Area Roads Water Sewage Electricity Housing Safe Warning Danger 2008 Mark 200 9 3 m

45. Development Axis International Commerce Tourism The 3 rd Master Plan

46. إستراتيجية الخطة القومية الطبيعية The 3 rd Master Plan

57. Comparison between key items of private housing regulations Same as 1996. For all lots less than 750m2: min. 2m from service street and min. 1.5m for the other three sides For all lots greater than 750 m2: min. 3 m from service street and 2m for the other three sides Total lot building allowance: ground floor on all sides except the service street side 50% of the length is allowed not exceeding 15m long and less than 5m high from the closest sidewalk average level It is not allowed to build the upper floors on the lot edge of the lot (some exceptions were mentioned) Owners could agree to build adjacent houses provided that they take into consideration the architectural design of the adjacent buildings so that the design matches the adjacent buildings' architectural style and claddings and that it does not cause architectural damage to other lots. It is also required that they provide natural ventilation and lighting and the privacy of their neighbors. Both architectural designs should submitted together. Min. 5m from main street Min. 3m from secondary streets Min. 2.5m from neighbor edge Min. 3m from pedestrian walkways or gardens It is permitted to build the ground floor up to the edge of the land but no more than 4m high. 1.5m min. in case of a ground floor setback from neighbor. It is allowed to construct adjacent buildings on the edge if there is an agreement between the two neighbors to follow a unified design. Setbacks Same as 1996 except that 120m2 are allowed in addition to the 1966 regulations It is permitted to build the ground, first and second floors using different building ratios according to the architectural design. 680m2 for lots<400m2 170% for lots 400-600m2 150% for lots >600m2 Basement not included Basement area 80% of lot not including courts Ground floor area 80% of lot area Other floors 65% of lot area 50m2 are allowed on top of the second floor + 25 m2 for stairwell 120% of land 40% of land per floor Basement not included Building one floor adjacent to neighbor 4m-height max. Building area 2000 Modifications 1996 1985 Item

58. Comparison between key items of private housing regulations Same as 1996 Min room area 10m2 with min width 3m Min kitchen area 7.5m2 with min width 2m Min bathroom area 4m2 with min width 1.5m Min toilet are 1.5m2 with min width 1m Min corridor width inside housing unit 1.2m Min room area 12m2 Min kitchen are 7.5 m2 Min bathroom area 4m2 Min toilet area 1.5m2 Min room width 3m, kitchen 2 m, bathroom 1.75 and toilet 1m Min corridor width inside housing unit 1.2 m Min living/dining space 21 m2 Room areas Same as 1996 except: It is allowed to have different interior heights for the ground, first and second floors according to the needs of the design provided that the maximum height of 15m is maintained, measured from the sidewalk level till the level of the second floor roof not including the roof parapet nor the staircase. In case that the main building is adjacent to the edge of the lot in the gorund floor, the adjacent parts should not exceed 5m high from the level of the sidewalk level of the highest street. 15m max. not exceeding 3 floors including the ground floor. 3m clean floor height Max. basement level is 1.8m above the highest surrounding streets level The staircase and elevator casement might exceed the maximum building height by no more than 3m 2m max height of roof parapet 3m max height of outside fence for the lot and not less than 0.5m Building heights are measured from the service road sidewalk average level to the second floor roof level Floor height is measured from the tip of the floor level to the bottom of the roof slab of the following floor not exceeding 4m including the basement. 15m max. not exceeding 3 floors including the ground floor. 3m clean floor height 1.5m. max. basement level above court level 2.75m clean basement height The staircase might exceed the maximum building height by no more than 3m including the roof of the staircase. Trusses and mechanical equipment are permitted to exceed this limit according to the engineering requirements. 2m max height of roof parapet 2.5m max height of outside fence for the lot Building heights are measured from the sidewalk level to the roof level excluding the roof parapet, steel trusses, pergolas, and other mechanical equipment. Min floor height is measured from the tip of the floor level to the bottom of the roof slab. Building height 2000 Modifications 1996 1985 Item

66. تطور قوانين البناء في الكويت 1. جميع فئات القسائم التي تقل مساحتها عن (750 م 2): ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي المكون من أرضى وطواق عليا عن الحد المطل على شارع الخدمة عن (2 م ) ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحدود الثلاث المتبقية عن (1.5 م ) 2. لجميع فئات القسائم التي تكون مساحتها (750 م 2) واكبر من ذلك : ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي المكون من أرضى وطوابق عليا عن الحد المطل على شارع الخدمة عن (3 م ). ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحدود الثلاثة المتبقية عن (2 م ). 1. جميع فئات القسائم التي تقل مساحتها عن (750 م 2): ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي المكون من أرضى وطوابق عليا عن الحد المطل على شارع الخدمة عن (2 م ) ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحدود الثلاث المتبقية عن (1.5 م ) 2. لجميع فئات القسائم التي تكون مساحتها (750 م 2) واكبر من ذلك : ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي المكون من أرضى وطوابق عليا عن الحد المطل على شارع الخدمة عن (3 م ). ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحدود الثلاثة المتبقية عن (2 م ). ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحد المطل على الشارع عن (5) أمتار إذا لم يكن للأرض سوى واجهة واحدة على الشارع . ألا يقل الحد الأدنى لارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحدود المطلة على اكثر من شارع عن (5) أمتار بالنسبة للشارع الرئيسي وثلاثة أمتار بالنسبة للشوارع الأخرى . جـ - ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي من حد الجار عن 2.5 متر . د - ألا يقل ارتداد البناء الرئيسي عن الحد المطل على ممر مشاة أو ساحة مكشوفة أو حديقة عن (3) أمتار . الارتداد عن الشوارع قسائم مساحتها أقل من ( 400 م 2) لا تتجاوز مساحة البناء الإجمالية فيها عن 680 م 2. قسائم مساحتها من (400 م 2) إلى (600 م 2) تكون نسبة بناءها الإجمالية 170% من مساحة القسيمة . قسائم مساحتها تزيد عن (600 م 2) تكون نسبة بناءها الإجمالية 150% من مساحة القسيمة أو (1020 م 2) أيهما أكبر . قسائم مساحتها اقل من (400 م 2) لا تتجاوز مساحة البناء الإجمالية فيها عن 680 م 2. قسائم مساحتها من (400 م 2) إلى (600 م 2) تكون نسبة بنائها الإجمالية 170% من مساحة القسيمة . قسائم مساحتها تزيد عن (600 م 2) تكون نسبة بنائها الإجمالية 150% من مساحة القسيمة أو (1020 م 2) أيهما اكبر . يكون مجموع مساحة البناء بواقع 120% من مساحة الأرض على أن لا تزيد نسبة البناء لكل طابق على 40%. مساحة البناء الإجمالية قرار رقم ( م ب / ف 3/27/3/2000) قرار رقم (21 لسنة 96 ) قرار رقم (30 لسنة 85) الاشتراط

69. Architectural Typological Analysis

79. Architectural Typological Analysis Vernacular Architecture Materials and Technical Influences Regional Influences

80. Urbanization Influences Acculturation Influences Economic Influences Modernization Influences

102. Public State/Official Governmental Kuwaiti Regional Gulf Arab Islamic International Private Pragmatic Metaphoric Canonic Iconic Analogic Symbolic Semi-Public Institutional Expression of Cultural Identity in Architecture A Model

103. Expression of Cultural Identity in Architecture A Model

136. The New Kuwait University in Shedadiyah Master Plan

138. Location of the New University City

139. Site Plan

140. College Clusters مجمعات أحياء الكليات Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C

142. Campus Sections Men Oasis Women

143. The Oasis

144. The Oasis

145. Men’s Arrival

146. Women’s Arrival

147. Car Parking – Surface

148. Car Parking – Basement Parking

152. Madinat AL Hareer – City of Silk KUWAIT

161. مشروع القرية التراثية شرق - الكويت The Heritage Village Sharq - Kuwait

170. MASTER PLAN Aerial View

172. Al Hamra Tower, Kuwait

173. Al Hamra Tower, Kuwait

176. Kuwait's first LEED rated building KEO design is pre-certified for LEED Gold status KEO International Consultants has been notified by the U.S. Green Building Council that the 1.2 million sq ft project, Sabah Al Ahmad International Financial Center , has been officially registered with the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and is now pre-certified to get Kuwait’s first LEED certification . The client, gave KEO the incentive to pursue a sustainable design using guidelines and tools outlined in the Green Building Rating System in late 2007. In addition to creating an iconic 40 storey tower consisting primarily of high end offices and a hotel , KEO was given the task of achieving a LEED® Gold from the USGBC. As well as meeting or exceeding a series of green requirements, the tower employees a series of wind turbines and PV panels to provide a renewable source of energy .

177. Conclusions

179. Thank You .