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抗精神病藥惡性症候群
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
加護病房查房日誌
抗精神病藥物惡性症候群
(Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, NMS)
• 發生率低(0.02-3%) ,但有致死性風險
– 1960年代死亡率76%掉到近期10-20%
• 與使用抗精神病藥物相關
• 臨床症狀
– 意識改變
– 肌肉僵硬
– 發燒
– 自主神經失調
文獻: Eelco FM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: UpToDate,
Janet LW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Sep 12, 2014.)
病理學
• 原因未明
• 主要認為和在下視丘的dopamine receptor
blockade有關
– 導致高溫和自主神經失調
• 影響nigrostriatal dopamine pathways或直接影響肌
肉粒腺體功能
– 導致肌肉僵硬和顫抖
文獻: Eelco FM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: UpToDate,
Janet LW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Sep 12, 2014.)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome相關藥物
抗精神病藥物
• Aripiprazole
• Clozapine
• Haloperidol
• Olanzapine
• Paliperidone
• Quetiapine
• Risperidone
• Ziprasidone
止吐藥物
• Domperidone
• Metoclopramide
• Prochlorperazine
• Promethazine
通常發生在用藥的前兩周
有可能一個劑量或好幾年後產生
與劑量不一定相關
抗帕金森藥物戒斷
四大臨床症狀
精神症狀的改變
肌肉呈現剛性
發燒 (>40度C) 自主神經機能障礙
檢驗數據
• 血清中creatine kinase(CK)上升
– 1000-100,000 IU/L
– 肌肉僵硬
– 與疾病嚴重度和預後有關
– NMS結束後會恢復
• 其它常見但非特異
– 白血球增加、輕度增加lactate dehydrogenase/
alkaline phosphatase/liver transaminases、電解
質異常
文獻: Eelco FM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: UpToDate,
Janet LW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Sep 12, 2014.)
鑑別診斷
相關疾病
• Serotonin syndrome
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Malignant catatonia
• Other drug-related
syndromes
非相關疾病
• Central nervous system
infection
• Systemic infections
• Seizures
• Acute hydrocephalus
• Acute spinal cord injury
• Heat stroke
• Tetanus
文獻: Eelco FM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: UpToDate,
Janet LW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Sep 12, 2014.)
診斷
• 無特定診斷檢驗
• 典型的檢驗值不正常可幫忙確認臨床診斷
• 需檢驗來排除其它情況
– 腦部影像檢查和腰錐穿刺
– 腦波檢查
文獻: Eelco FM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: UpToDate,
Janet LW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Sep 12, 2014.)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome治療
• 停用可能藥物
• 支持療法
• CK高,給大量水分和鹼化尿液(sodium
bicarbonate): 避免橫紋肌溶解造成之急性腎
衰竭
• 退燒: 冰枕等,藥物: acetaminophen/aspirin
• BZD(clonazepam/lorazepam)控制躁動
• 降血壓: clonidine/nitroprusside
• Heparin 預防DVT
藥物治療-1
• Dantrolene
– 直接骨骼肌鬆弛劑,劑量1-2.5 mg/kg IV ,最大
劑量10 mg/kg/day
– 最快幾分鐘就有效,用10天內慢慢停用
– 肝毒性
• Bromocriptine
– Dopamine agonist ,劑量2.5 mg q6-8h ,最大劑
量40 mg/day ,用10天慢慢停用
藥物治療-2
• Amantadine
– Dopaminergic 和anticholinergic效果
bromocriptine的替代藥物,100 mg q12h ,最大
劑量200 mg q12h
• 其它藥物
– Levodopa, apomorphine, carbamazepine 和
benzodiazepines (lorazepam, clonazepam)
藥物比較
藥名 恢復時間 死亡率 健保
單獨支持療法 15天 21% --
Dantrolene 9天 8.6% 5000 元/瓶
Bromocriptine 10天 7.8% 8.1 元 /顆
Amantadine -- 5.9% 8.5 元/顆
文獻 Arch Intern Med
1989;149:1927
Psychopharmacol
Bull 1991;27:381
避免橫紋肌溶解造成之急性腎衰竭-1
• UpToDate建議
– Creatinine kinase (CK) > 5000 unit/L
– 就要給予輸液 (Grade 1B)
• 理想輸液選擇未定論:
– UpToDate建議生理食鹽水 (Grade2C)
• 理想流速未定論:
– UpToDate建議1-2 L/hr (Grade2C)
– 調整流速至預期的尿量(200-300 ml/hr)
文獻: Joseph AE. Prevention treatment of heme pigment-induced acute kidney injury
and . In: UpToDate, Alice MS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Nov 12, 2014.)
避免橫紋肌溶解造成之急性腎衰竭-2
• 鹼化尿液:
– 缺乏實證證明對嚴重橫紋肌溶解有好處
• 無尿病人可能引起嚴重鹼中毒
• UpToDate建議:
– 給予鹼性溶液條件:
» 給有排尿,無嚴重低血鈣,動脈pH<7.5, HCO3- < 30
mEq/L的病人 (Grade2C)
– 停用條件
» 若3-4小時,pH尚未高於6.5
» pH增加到7.5, HCO3- > 30 ,或有症狀的低血鈣
文獻: Joseph AE. Prevention treatment of heme pigment-induced acute kidney injury
and . In: UpToDate, Alice MS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Nov 12, 2014.)
避免橫紋肌溶解造成之急性腎衰竭-3
• Loop diuretics亦無文獻證明可預防
– 但若於體液過多的病人可用
• 要監測血鉀和鈣離子
– 高血鉀或低血鈣則必須治療
• 也許需要洗腎
– 矯正高血鉀和體液過多等問題
文獻: Joseph AE. Prevention treatment of heme pigment-induced acute kidney injury
and . In: UpToDate, Alice MS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on Nov 12, 2014.)
感恩聆聽
16

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