- are structures a basic human needs and the symbol of civilization peoples, and can be classified according to the function of installations to residential, commercial and institutional, industrial and galleries and private facilities asbridges and power transmission towers, marine and other facilities. Can be built, each with different types of materials Kalpaton and steel and rolled -structural steel plant in the form of clips, and each of these advantages and superiority in certain types of constructions materials. And consists of structural steel from iron alloys with specific ratios of carbon and other minerals Kalmngenaz, chromium, copper, etc., and the carbon content less than 0.25%, less than 1.5% manganese, and the rest of the items shall be attributed to much lower, and determine the amount of elements in the alloy properties of steel strength and ductility and cruelty toughness.

1. 1

2. 2
‫الشكل‬(3)‫شيكاغو‬ ‫في‬ ‫سيرز‬ ‫برج‬

3. 3
‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنشآت‬
‫حضارة‬ ‫ورمز‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البشرية‬ ‫االحتياجات‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ّ‫د‬‫تع‬‫تصنيف‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ،‫الشعوب‬
‫ومنشآت‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫وصاالت‬ ‫وصناعية‬ ‫ومؤسساتية‬ ‫وتجارية‬ ‫سكنية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫لوظيفتها‬ ً‫ا‬‫تبع‬ ‫المنشآت‬
‫ك‬ ‫خاصة‬‫الجسور‬‫ا‬ ‫والمنشآت‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫وأبراج‬‫وغيرها‬ ‫لبحرية‬.‫بأنواع‬ ‫منها‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫ويمكن‬
‫ولكل‬ ،‫مقاطع‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫ع‬َّ‫ن‬‫المص‬ ‫المدرفل‬ ‫اإلنشائي‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫والفوالذ‬ ‫كالبيتون‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬
‫المنشآت‬ ‫من‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتفوقها‬ ‫ميزاتها‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬.‫خالئط‬ ‫من‬ ‫اإلنشائي‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫ويتكون‬
‫ومع‬ ‫الكربون‬ ‫من‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫نسب‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الحديد‬‫ويكون‬ ،‫وغيرها‬ ‫والنحاس‬ ‫والكروم‬ ‫كالمنغنيز‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫ادن‬
‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫الكربوني‬ ‫المحتوى‬5..0%‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫والمنغنيز‬5.0%‫نسبها‬ ‫فتكون‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫بقية‬ ‫أما‬ ،
‫كمقاومته‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫خواص‬ ‫الخليطة‬ ‫في‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫وتحدد‬ ،‫بكثير‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬strength
‫ومطاوعته‬ductility‫وقساوته‬toughness.‫مق‬ ‫عزى‬ُ‫ت‬‫و‬‫خليطته‬ ‫احتواء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للصدأ‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫اومة‬
ً‫ا‬‫آثار‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫والتشكيل‬ ‫والسحب‬ ‫واإلسقاء‬ ‫التبريد‬ ‫كمعدل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫اإلنتاجية‬ ‫للعمليات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫كما‬ ،‫النحاس‬ ‫على‬
‫خصائصه‬ ‫يحسن‬ ‫مما‬ ‫للحبيبات‬ ‫أصغر‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫للفوالذ‬ ‫الميكروية‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫في‬ ‫مهمة‬.

4. 4
-‫تاريخية‬ ‫لمحة‬
‫كبيرة‬ ‫بكميات‬ ً‫ال‬‫أو‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫صنع‬‫كالزوايا‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المقاطع‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫بدأ‬ ‫ثم‬ ،‫الحديدية‬ ‫للسكك‬
‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ٍ‫مجار‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫والمقاطع‬5785‫هشاشة‬ ‫وأقل‬ ‫صالبة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫فأصبح‬.‫اختيار‬ ‫وتم‬
‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفوالذ‬5771‫بارتفاع‬ ‫باريس‬ ‫في‬ ‫إيفل‬ ‫برج‬ ‫إلشادة‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫مادة‬355‫وتطورت‬ ،‫م‬
‫تكنول‬ ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ‫ذاته‬ ‫الوقت‬ ‫في‬‫في‬ ‫شيكاغو‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫وجيا‬
‫فيها‬ ‫لألعمال‬ ‫المتسارع‬ ‫والنمو‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫غالء‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫أمريكا‬.‫جيني‬ ‫ويليم‬ ‫المعماري‬ ‫المهندس‬ ‫فقام‬
William Le Baron Jenney‫المساكن‬ ‫على‬ ‫التأمين‬ ‫شركة‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫بتصميم‬Home
Building Insurance Company‫من‬ ‫يتألف‬ ‫الذي‬‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫طوابق‬ ‫عشرة‬5770‫فذ‬ُ‫ن‬ ‫حيث‬
‫الصب‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعمدة‬ ‫فكانت‬ ،‫المعدن‬ ‫من‬ ‫بكامله‬ ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬cast-iron‫الحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫والجوائز‬
‫المطاوع‬wrought-iron‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫لضمان‬ ‫الفخاري‬ ‫أوالبالط‬ ‫باآلجر‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫تغليف‬ ‫وتم‬
‫تزيد‬ ‫لحرارة‬ ‫تعرض‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫مقاومته‬ ‫بفقدان‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫الحريق‬‫على‬055‫م‬.

5. 5

6. 6
1.‫تربيط‬ ‫كجمل‬ ‫شاقولية‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫باستعمال‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫استمر‬
vertical truss bracing system‫الرياح‬ ‫قوى‬ ‫لمقاومة‬.‫المنقولة‬ ‫الشاقولية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫ولعظم‬
‫التأسيس‬ ‫تربة‬ ‫ولضعف‬ ،‫المباني‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أساسات‬ ‫إلى‬‫شيكاغو‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫في‬ ‫الغضارية‬
‫الصلبة‬ ‫الصخرية‬ ‫الطبقات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وصلت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫في‬ ‫دقت‬ ‫خشبية‬ ‫أوتاد‬ ‫ستخدمت‬ُ‫ا‬bedrock
‫الصخر‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫إلى‬ ً‫ال‬‫وصو‬ ً‫ا‬‫يدوي‬ ‫شاقولية‬ ‫آبار‬ ‫فحفرت‬ ‫التأسيس‬ ‫في‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ورت‬ُ‫ط‬ ‫ثم‬
‫ب‬ ‫اآلبار‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫لئت‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ‫الصلبة‬‫الخرسانة‬‫الفوالذية‬ ‫األعمدة‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫لتستند‬.

7. 7
‫صلبة‬ ‫بإطارات‬ ‫الطوابق‬ ‫متعدد‬ ‫مبنى‬ )0( ‫الشكل‬

8. 8
‫شاقولية‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫مع‬ ‫صلبة‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫جملة‬ )0( ‫الشكل‬

9. 9
‫أنبوبية‬ ‫إطارية‬ ‫جملة‬ )6( ‫الشكل‬

10. 10
‫الشكل‬(8)‫األنبوبية‬ ‫الشبكية‬ ‫الجملة‬

11. 11
2.‫عام‬ ‫وفي‬5710‫مسحوبة‬ ‫فوالذية‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ً‫ا‬‫تكنولوجي‬ ‫ستكمل‬ُ‫ا‬
‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬I‫كما‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بين‬ ‫وتباشيم‬ ‫براغي‬ ‫وصالت‬ ‫مع‬ ،‫لإلطارات‬ ‫كعناصر‬
‫الرياح‬ ‫لمقاومة‬ ‫قطرية‬ ‫تربيط‬ ‫جمل‬ ‫استخدمت‬diagonal wind bracing‫فخارية‬ ‫تباليط‬ ‫مع‬
‫خرسانية‬ ‫اسكندرانية‬ ‫وآبار‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫لمقاومة‬caisson foundation‫الشاقولية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫لسند‬.
‫سكان‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫بدأ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫لألبنية‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الذهبية‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫الحرب‬ ‫بعد‬
‫باالت‬ ‫اقتصاده‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫بالتزايد‬ ‫العالم‬‫المبنى‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫العمارة‬ ‫مهندسو‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫وأحب‬ ،‫واالزدهار‬ ‫ساع‬
‫تنفيذ‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ً‫ا‬‫زجاجي‬ ً‫ا‬‫موشور‬ ‫يبدو‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫العالي‬‫الجدران‬‫زجاجية‬ ‫ستارة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الخارجية‬
glass curtain wall.
3.‫عام‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تعود‬ ‫الفكرة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ومع‬51.5‫الحرب‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الصحيح‬ ‫بشكلها‬ ‫ونفذت‬ ‫طورت‬ ‫فقد‬
‫بين‬ ‫الكتامة‬ ‫إلحكام‬ ‫المطاط‬ ‫واستخدم‬ ‫األلمنيوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الزجاج‬ ‫بت‬ُ‫ث‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫الثانية‬ ‫العالمية‬
‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫لألمم‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫األمانة‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫فنفذ‬ ‫الجوية‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫الوصالت‬5101‫في‬
‫المنشآت‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫نموذجي‬ ً‫ال‬‫مثا‬ ‫نيويورك‬.‫الشكل‬(5(.
‫فابتكر‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫رئيسي‬ ً‫ا‬‫مطلب‬ ‫وتنفيذها‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫االقتصاد‬ ‫صار‬ ‫السبعينيات‬ ‫مطلع‬ ‫وفي‬
‫خان‬ ‫فزلور‬ ‫المهندس‬Fazlur Khan‫هانكوك‬ ‫جون‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫في‬ ‫خارجية‬ ‫قطرية‬ ‫تربيط‬ ‫جملة‬
John Hancock‫شيكاغو‬ ‫في‬(‫الشكل‬.)‫بارتفاع‬ ً‫ا‬‫صلب‬ ً‫ا‬‫أنبوب‬ ‫فشكلت‬ ‫طابق‬ ‫المئة‬ ‫ذي‬303‫م؛‬
‫إلى‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫استهالك‬ ‫خفض‬ ‫مما‬500‫كغ‬/‫م‬2
‫الفوالذ‬ ‫استهالك‬ ‫بلغ‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬.80‫كغ‬/‫م‬2
‫مبنى‬ ‫في‬
‫ستيت‬ ‫إمباير‬Empire State Building‫مطلع‬ ‫في‬ ‫بناؤها‬ ‫استكمل‬ ‫والتي‬ ‫نيويورك‬ ‫في‬
‫العشرين‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثالثينيات‬.
‫قليلة‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫وبعد‬‫عام‬ ‫في‬5183‫سيرز‬ ‫برج‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫الفكرة‬ ‫خان‬ ‫المهندس‬ ‫استخدم‬

12. 12
Sears Tower‫ذي‬555‫بارتفاع‬ ‫طوابق‬003‫عد‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وكان‬ ،‫شيكاغو‬ ‫في‬ ‫م‬
‫العالم‬ ‫في‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫أعلى‬( .‫الشكل‬3(
4.
1.‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫ـ‬:
‫اآلتية‬ ‫األنواع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫تصنيف‬ ‫يمكن‬:
‫أ‬-‫منشآ‬‫الطوابق‬ ‫متعددة‬ ‫ت‬multistory‫مربطة‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫صلبة‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫أساس‬ ‫تتألف‬
braced frames (‫الشكل‬0(
‫اإلنشائية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تقاوم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬structural systems‫األحمال‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستخدمة‬
ً‫ا‬‫استخدام‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫ستخدم‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫بحيث‬ ً‫ا‬‫اقتصادي‬ ً‫ال‬‫ح‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الجانبية‬ً‫ال‬‫فعا‬.‫الجمل‬ ‫فأكثر‬
‫تلك‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫استهالك‬ ‫في‬ ‫تذكر‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجانبية‬ ‫القوى‬ ‫تقاوم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬
‫البناء‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الزيادة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إضافية‬ ‫كلفة‬ ‫تنتج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫الشاقولية‬ ‫األوزان‬ ‫لمقاومة‬ ‫الالزمة‬.‫وبناء‬
‫ي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تصنف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫على‬‫أتي‬:
5.
-‫الصلبة‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫جملة‬rigid frames‫نحو‬ ‫على‬ ‫واألعمدة‬ ‫الجوائز‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الوصالت‬ ‫تنفذ‬ ‫حيث‬
‫اللحام‬ ‫بوساطة‬ ‫صلب‬.‫الصلبة‬ ‫بالوصالت‬ ‫الجانبية‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫تأمين‬ ‫ويتم‬.‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫ارتفاع‬ ‫حتى‬15‫االرتفاع‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫في‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫متر‬.
6.
-‫صلبة‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫جملة‬‫شاقولية‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫قص‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫مع‬vertical shear trusses‫جدران‬ ‫أو‬
‫بيتونية‬ ‫قص‬concrete shear walls‫للبناء‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫جانبية‬ ‫صالبة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وذلك‬lateral
rigidity.‫ارتفاع‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تستخدم‬505ً‫ا‬‫متر‬.‫الشكل‬(0(

13. 13
7.
-‫األنبوبية‬ ‫اإلطارية‬ ‫الجملة‬framed tube structure‫تتألف‬ ‫حيث‬‫على‬ ‫متقاربة‬ ‫أعمدة‬ ‫من‬
‫ارتفاع‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫مما‬ ‫الجانبية‬ ‫الصالبة‬ ‫فتزداد‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫محيط‬355‫متر‬.
(‫الشكل‬6(
8.
-‫األنبوبية‬ ‫الشبكية‬ ‫الجملة‬trussed tube‫قطري‬ ‫تربيط‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫داخلية‬ ‫أعمدة‬ ‫مع‬
diagonal bracing‫الجهات‬ ‫كل‬ ‫من‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫على‬.‫الترب‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يرفع‬‫الجانبية‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫يط‬
‫ارتفاع‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫مما‬ ً‫ا‬‫كثير‬365‫تكلفة‬ ‫على‬ ‫تذكر‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫متر‬
‫الشاقولية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫البناء‬( .‫الشكل‬8).
9.
-‫األنابيب‬ ‫رزمة‬ ‫جملة‬bundled tube‫بعضها‬ ‫ّع‬‫م‬ُ‫ج‬ ‫األنبوبية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتألف‬
‫لتعطي‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬‫ارتفاع‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫بدء‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وتصبح‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫جانبية‬ ‫مقاومة‬80ً‫ا‬‫متر‬.
‫سيرز‬ ‫برج‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫استخدمت‬Sears Tower‫شيكاغو‬ ‫في‬( .‫الشكل‬3(
11.
‫الطويلة‬ ‫المجازات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬long-span steel structures
11.‫المجا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫في‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫يعد‬‫الهياكل‬ ‫استخدمت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الكبيرة‬ ‫زات‬
‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ً‫ا‬‫سابق‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫المنعطفة‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬‫الجسور‬‫المجازات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫األبنية‬ ‫إشادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ـ‬
‫كالجوائز‬ ‫الكبيرة‬‫الصفائحية‬plate girders‫الشبكية‬ ‫والجوائز‬trusses.‫الجوائز‬ ‫صنع‬ُ‫ت‬
‫حرف‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫لتشكل‬ ‫فوالذية‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصفائحية‬I‫القياسية‬ ‫مثيالتها‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكبر‬
‫حتى‬ ‫مجازات‬ ‫لتغطي‬ ‫الصفائحية‬ ‫الجوائز‬ ‫وتستخدم‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالسحب‬ ‫المصنعة‬65ً‫ا‬‫متر‬

14. 14
(‫الشكل‬7.)‫الش‬ ‫الجوائز‬ ‫تتشكل‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مسحوبة‬ ‫قياسية‬ ‫خطية‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫من‬ ‫بكية‬.
‫متوازنة‬ ‫مثلثية‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫على‬ ‫البراغي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫باللحام‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تجمع‬ ُُ.‫الخطية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫وتخضع‬
‫الشد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫للضغط‬.‫المجاز‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويمكن‬span‫الشبكية‬ ‫الجوائز‬ ‫تغطيه‬ ‫الذي‬575ً‫ا‬‫متر‬.
12.
‫فراغية‬ ‫منشآت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬space structures‫ج‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫حيث‬‫فراغية‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫وائز‬
‫المعلقة‬ ‫األسقف‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫المعلقة‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫د‬cable-supported roof structures‫تشكل‬
‫منشآت‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مشتقة‬ ‫إنشائية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫المعلقة‬ ‫المنشآت‬‫ال‬‫جسور‬‫مستوية‬ ‫أسقف‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫المعلقة‬
ٍ‫صوار‬ ‫رؤوس‬ ‫من‬ ‫األسفل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تشع‬ ‫فوالذية‬ ‫بكبول‬ ‫األعلى‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫معلقة‬masts‫من‬ ‫أعلى‬
‫مستوى‬‫السقف‬(‫الشكل‬1.)‫ن‬ ‫وقد‬‫حتى‬ ‫بمجازات‬ ‫منشآت‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫بهذه‬ ‫فذت‬8.ً‫ا‬‫متر‬.
13.
‫الطابق‬ ‫وحيدة‬ ‫منشآت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫هـ‬:‫صلبة‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫أساس‬ ‫وتتألف‬rigid frames (‫الشكل‬55)‫أو‬
‫وأعمدة‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫من‬stanchion (‫الشكل‬55).
‫صفائح‬ ‫من‬ ‫مشاد‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫طابق‬ ‫من‬ ‫منهما‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يتألف‬ ‫نموذجيين‬ ‫مبنيين‬ ‫الشكالن‬ ‫هذان‬ ‫يبين‬‫تغطية‬
‫ثانوية‬ ‫فوالذية‬ ‫وعناصر‬(‫سكك‬‫الجدران‬‫وجوائز‬‫السقف‬‫الثانوية‬)‫رئيسية‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫ومن‬.

15. 15
‫صفائحية‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫مبنى‬ )7( ‫الشكل‬

16. 16
‫وأعمدة‬ ‫شبكية‬ ‫جوائز‬ ‫ذي‬ ‫لمبنى‬ ‫اإلنشائي‬ ‫الهيكل‬ )55( ‫الشكل‬

17. 17
‫الشكل‬(5.)‫التغطية‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أشكال‬

18. 18
14.‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تتألف‬cladding‫صفائح‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫غالب‬ ‫الرئيسية‬‫مقاومة‬ ‫بطبقات‬ ‫مطلية‬ ‫فوالذية‬
‫التوتياء‬ ‫من‬ ‫بطبقة‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫الصفائح‬ ‫غطى‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫للصدأ‬(‫غلفنة‬)‫أساس‬ ‫دهان‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تليها‬(‫برايمر‬
primer)‫للوجه‬ ‫بوليستر‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المناسب‬ ‫اللون‬ ‫لتعطي‬ ‫الخارجي‬ ‫للوجه‬ ‫دهان‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ومن‬
‫الداخلي‬.‫بنس‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫من‬ ‫منتظمة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الغلفنة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تتألف‬‫بة‬17.0%‫بعملية‬ ‫تنفيذها‬ ‫ويتم‬
‫الساخنة‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫محاليل‬ ‫في‬ ‫للصفائح‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫تغطيس‬.‫على‬ ‫الغلفنة‬ ‫طبقتي‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫يقل‬ ّ‫ال‬‫أ‬ ‫ويجب‬
‫البريطانية‬ ‫المواصفات‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫اآلتي‬ ‫الجدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫مبين‬ ‫هو‬ ‫عما‬ ‫الصفيحة‬ ‫وجهي‬:
‫نوع‬
‫الصفائح‬
‫على‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫وزن‬
‫الوجهين‬
‫الحد‬
‫األعلى‬
(‫غ‬/‫م‬)2
‫الحد‬
‫األدنى‬
(‫غ‬/‫م‬)2
125150
180
200
381458
550
610
455548
608
762
15.‫الجوية‬ ‫للعوامل‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تتعرض‬ ‫عندما‬‫النهاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬‫َه‬‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫ببطء‬ ‫تتآكل‬.‫وتعتمد‬
‫البيئة‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫الملوثة‬ ‫الصناعية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫في‬ ‫سريعة‬ ‫فتكون‬ ‫المحيطية‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫على‬ ‫التآكل‬ ‫سرعة‬
‫كل‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫عدوانية‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المحيطية‬ ‫الشروط‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ً‫ا‬‫جد‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫الغلفنة‬ ‫ديمومة‬ ‫وتكون‬ ،‫البحرية‬
‫كانت‬ ‫أسمك‬ ‫الغلفنة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫األحوال‬‫أطول‬ ‫بقائها‬ ‫مدة‬.
‫مختلفة‬ ‫بأشكال‬ ‫البارد‬ ‫على‬ ‫بتضليعها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بتمويجها‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫صالبة‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫يتم‬
‫في‬ ‫كما‬(‫الشكل‬5.)‫عليها‬ ‫َّق‬‫ب‬‫ط‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫كي‬ ‫وذلك‬

19. 19
‫التغطي‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫حدد‬ُ‫ي‬‫و‬ ،‫واالستثمار‬ ‫والصيانة‬ ‫التركيب‬ ‫عمليات‬ ‫خالل‬‫من‬ ‫أشكالها‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫ة‬
‫عة‬ِّّ‫ن‬‫المص‬ ‫الشركات‬ ‫تصدرها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المواصفات‬ ‫نشرات‬.‫ضد‬ ‫كتيمة‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويجب‬
‫فترة‬ ‫تدوم‬ ‫وأن‬ ،ً‫ال‬‫جمي‬ ‫منظرها‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫وأن‬ ،‫مناسبة‬ ‫حرارية‬ ‫عازلية‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫وأن‬ ،‫الجوية‬ ‫العوامل‬
‫الصيانة‬ ‫من‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫مع‬ ‫طويلة‬.‫مو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫األسقف‬ ‫تغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫مواصفات‬ ‫تختلف‬‫اصفات‬
‫تغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬‫الجدران‬‫الطلب‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫في‬ ‫األسقف‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكتامة‬ ‫متطلبات‬ ‫تزداد‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫ما‬ ‫حد‬ ‫إلى‬
‫األسقف‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫تخفيض‬ ‫على‬ ‫المتزايد‬.
16.
‫إنشا‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬‫أهمها‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫على‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫ء‬:
‫القشرة‬ ‫ثنائية‬ ‫تغطية‬ ‫طبقة‬double shell cladding
‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تتألف‬(‫الشكل‬53)‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بسماكة‬ ‫مضلعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مموجة‬ ‫خارجية‬ ‫صاج‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫من‬
5.8‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سماكتها‬ ‫داخلية‬ ‫صاج‬ ‫وطبقة‬ ‫مم‬5.0‫التضليع‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مم‬.‫طبقتي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫توضع‬
‫الصاج‬‫عن‬ ‫التقل‬ ‫حرارية‬ ‫عازلية‬ ‫لتضمن‬ ‫الزجاجي‬ ‫الصوف‬ ‫من‬ ‫طبقة‬c0.44W/m2
C‫وتكون‬
‫نحو‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫العزل‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫سماكة‬75‫مم‬.
‫تركيب‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ثم‬ ،‫الجدران‬ ‫سكك‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الثانوية‬ ‫الجوائز‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ال‬‫أو‬ ‫وتثبت‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تركب‬
‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫عناصر‬Z‫تفرد‬ ‫ثم‬ ً‫ا‬‫مع‬ ‫وجمعهما‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫طبقتي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫لتحديد‬‫العزل‬ ‫طبقات‬
‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫براغي‬ ‫بوساطة‬ ‫الخارجية‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫بعدها‬ ‫ويركب‬(‫الشكل‬53)‫وتتطلب‬ ،
‫شروط‬‫المائي‬ ‫العزل‬‫عن‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫أال‬0ُ.
‫بة‬ّ‫ك‬‫مر‬ ‫ألواح‬ ‫من‬ ‫تغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬composite panels
‫تحقن‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫المعدنية‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫مشكالت‬ ‫ألغلب‬ ً‫ال‬‫ح‬ ‫تضمن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المتطورة‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ ّ‫د‬‫ع‬ُ‫ت‬
‫العازلة‬ ‫الرغوية‬ ‫المادة‬foam‫الفراغ‬ ‫كامل‬ ‫لتمأل‬ ‫محدد‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫المعمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫طبقتي‬ ‫بين‬
‫العازلة‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫فتعمل‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫طبقتي‬ ‫بين‬‫فينتج‬ ،‫الصاج‬ ‫صفيحتي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مشترك‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫على‬ ‫تصلبها‬ ‫بعد‬

20. 20
‫الخارجية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬ ‫صلبة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ألواح‬.‫المشترك‬ ‫بالعمل‬ ‫األلواح‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫وعليه‬
‫األلواح‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫المصنعة‬ ‫الشركات‬ ‫وتحدد‬ ‫بينهما‬ ‫المحقونة‬ ‫العازلة‬ ‫والمادة‬ ‫الصاج‬ ‫لطبقتي‬
‫ويبين‬ ،‫تحملها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫األحمال‬‫الشكل‬(50)‫األلواح‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫نموذج‬.
‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫ـ‬secondary elements
‫أم‬ ‫األسقف‬ ‫في‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫تسند‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬‫الجدران‬‫وتنقل‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حموالتها‬.‫الشكل‬ ‫ويبين‬(50)‫العناصر‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوعين‬ ‫هذين‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫اإلنشائية‬ ‫للعناصر‬ ‫الجانبي‬ ‫التقييد‬ ‫وشروط‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫حسن‬ ‫ويقتضي‬ ،‫الثانوية‬
‫بين‬ ‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫التباعد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬.-5.‫م‬.
‫الشكل‬(53)‫تغطي‬ ‫طبقة‬‫القشرة‬ ‫ثنائية‬ ‫ة‬
‫الشكل‬(50)‫مركبة‬ ‫ألواح‬

21. 21
‫الشكل‬(50)‫البارد‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫ثانوية‬ ‫عناصر‬
17.‫من‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫المدرفل‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫بأشكال‬ ‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫صنع‬ُ‫ت‬
‫البارد‬ ‫على‬ ‫المشكل‬ ‫الصاج‬.‫البارد‬ ‫على‬ ‫لة‬ّ‫ك‬‫المش‬ ‫المقاطع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫والتطبيقات‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫وبينت‬
‫اقتصادية‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫هي‬.‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫المقطع‬ ً‫ا‬‫إنتاج‬ ‫المقاطع‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫أول‬ ‫وكان‬Z‫المادة‬ ‫استخدمت‬ ‫حيث‬
‫الجسم‬ ‫مستوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫تميل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫محاورها‬ ‫ولكن‬ ً‫ال‬‫ّا‬‫ع‬‫ف‬ ً‫ا‬‫استخدام‬.‫على‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫طورت‬ ‫ولهذا‬

22. 22
‫شكل‬∑‫المقطع‬ ‫صالبة‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫من‬ ‫المطبقة‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫مستوي‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫حيث‬(‫الشكل‬50.)‫كل‬ ‫وفي‬
‫يقدم‬ ‫األحوال‬‫ن‬ِّّ‫ك‬‫تم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المقاطع‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الضرورية‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫المقاطع‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫مصنعوا‬
‫منها‬ ‫المناسب‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫من‬ ‫المصممين‬.
‫الشكل‬(56)‫بسيط‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫إطار‬

23. 23
‫الشكل‬(58)ً‫ا‬‫شيوع‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أكثر‬
18.‫الرئيسية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫ـ‬primary frames
19.
‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫تسند‬‫المطبقة‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫تنتقل‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫التي‬
‫إلى‬ ‫بدورها‬ ‫تنقلها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ومنها‬ ،‫الثانوية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التغطية‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫على‬
‫األساسات‬.‫ويبين‬(‫الشكل‬56)‫وعمودين‬ ‫أفقي‬ ‫جائز‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتألف‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أبسط‬.

24. 24
‫تقتضي‬ ‫األمطار‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫تصريف‬ ‫ضرورات‬ ‫ولكن‬‫إذا‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫محدد‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫للسطح‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬
ً‫ا‬‫صغير‬ ‫المجاز‬ ‫كان‬(‫من‬ ‫أقل‬55‫م‬)‫فعن‬ ً‫ا‬‫كبير‬ ‫المجاز‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أما‬ ،‫السطح‬ ‫إنهاءات‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬
‫األدنى‬ ‫بحده‬ ‫الميل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تقتضي‬ ‫المعمارية‬ ‫المتطلبات‬ ‫لكن‬ ،‫األفق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫إمالة‬ ‫طريق‬
‫نحو‬ ‫هي‬ ً‫ا‬‫شيوع‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫الميل‬ ‫وزاوية‬6ُ.‫و‬‫يبين‬(‫الشكل‬58)ً‫ا‬‫شيوع‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أكثر‬.
21.
‫في‬ ‫المبينة‬ ‫والعمودين‬ ‫الشبكي‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫تكون‬(‫الشكل‬58-‫ج‬ ،‫ب‬ ،‫أ‬)‫عندما‬ ً‫ة‬‫واقتصادي‬ ً‫ة‬‫مفيد‬
‫أما‬ ،‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مدرفلة‬ ‫زوايا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشبكي‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تتألف‬ ‫حيث‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫كبير‬ ‫المجاز‬ ‫يكون‬
‫ز‬ ‫من‬ ‫فيتألفان‬ ‫والسفلي‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الوتران‬‫مقاطع‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ا‬‫أيض‬ ‫وايا‬T‫مقاطع‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫ألن‬T‫ال‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫أسهل‬
‫وصل‬ ‫صفائح‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يحتاج‬.‫أن‬ ‫فيمكن‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫الشبكي‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫على‬ ‫ّقة‬‫ب‬‫المط‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أما‬
‫أو‬ ‫مجراية‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫الشبكي‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تكون‬I‫الحاجة‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مدرفلة‬.
21.
‫الباب‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫جملة‬ ّ‫د‬‫تع‬portal frame‫في‬ ‫المبينة‬(‫ال‬‫شكل‬58‫د‬)‫في‬ ً‫ا‬‫شيوع‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬
‫مجازه‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الطابق‬ ‫وحيدة‬ ‫األبنية‬65‫مقاطع‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫تقليدي‬ ‫اإلطار‬ ‫ن‬ّ‫ويتكو‬ ،‫م‬I‫قياسية‬
‫الواسع‬ ‫االنتشار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أدى‬ ‫النحيفة‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫لتصرف‬ ‫المتزايد‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إال‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مدرفلة‬
‫في‬ ‫العطالة‬ ‫متغيرة‬ ‫الصفائحية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫الستخدام‬‫الوصول‬ ‫بغية‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫وجوائزها‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أعمدة‬
‫اقتصادية‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫إلى‬.‫من‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫تراوح‬6-7‫نقطة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اإلطار‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫ويراوح‬ ‫م‬
‫بالعمود‬ ‫الجائز‬ ‫اتصال‬(‫الركبة‬eaves)‫من‬6-50‫م‬.
22.
2‫الحريق‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫ـ‬fire protection
‫ا‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫إلجهادات‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫تتعرض‬‫نحو‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫لحريق‬

25. 25
5.55‫نحو‬ ‫هي‬ ‫للفوالذ‬ ‫الحرجة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ‫م‬005‫سيالن‬ ‫إجهاد‬ ‫ينخفض‬ ‫عندها‬ ،‫م‬
‫الفوالذ‬yield stress‫إلى‬85%‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫عند‬ ‫قيمته‬ ‫من‬.5‫تحمل‬ ‫إمكانية‬ ‫وتعرف‬ ،‫م‬
‫بم‬ ‫للحريق‬ ‫تعرضها‬ ‫لدى‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫المطبقة‬ ‫لألحمال‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العناصر‬‫ذلك‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ويعبر‬ ،‫الحريق‬ ‫قاومة‬
‫طوالها‬ ‫الصمود‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الزمنية‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫بداللة‬(./5،5،.،0‫ساعة‬)‫ويبـين‬(‫الشكل‬57)
‫الفوالذية‬ ‫اإلطارات‬ ‫في‬ ‫والجوائز‬ ‫لألعمدة‬ ‫المتبعة‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫على‬ ‫أمثلة‬:
23.
-‫لألعمدة‬ ‫صلب‬ ‫بيتوني‬ ‫غالف‬solid concrete protection -‫الشكل‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬(57-‫أ‬)
‫الجوائز‬ ‫لتغليف‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ،‫العمود‬ ‫أحمال‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫أيض‬ ‫يساعد‬.‫وأثبتت‬
‫سماكة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫التجارب‬05‫من‬ ‫مم‬‫الخرسانة‬‫ض‬ ‫حماية‬ ‫توفر‬‫الطريقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إال‬ ‫ساعتين‬ ‫مدة‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫د‬
‫صب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وتحتاج‬ ‫مكلفة‬‫الخرسانة‬‫الفوالذي‬ ‫العنصر‬ ‫حول‬ ‫قالب‬ ‫في‬.
-‫اآلجر‬ ‫من‬ ‫غالف‬
24.brickwork encasement‫حول‬‫الشكل‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫أعمدة‬(57-‫ب‬)‫يستعمل‬ ‫حيث‬
ً‫ا‬‫شيوع‬ ‫األنظمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ ‫النظام‬ ‫هذا‬ ّ‫د‬‫ويع‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعمدة‬ ‫وحماية‬ ،‫الجدران‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫اآلجر‬.
‫المجوف‬ ‫الغالف‬hollow casing:‫الصنع‬ ‫مسبق‬ ‫الجبصين‬ ‫ألواح‬ ‫من‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫ينفذ‬
‫ا‬ ‫المقطع‬ ‫حول‬ ً‫ا‬‫صندوق‬ ‫فتشكل‬ ،‫معدني‬ ‫شبك‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركب‬‫الشكل‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫لفوالذي‬(57-‫ج‬.)‫غالف‬
‫المقطع‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬profile casing:‫العنصر‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫على‬ ‫اإلسمنتية‬ ‫المونة‬ ‫بخ‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬
‫الشكل‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الفوالذي‬(57-‫د‬)‫سماكتها‬ ‫اإلسمنتية‬ ‫المونة‬ ‫من‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫فتضمن‬37‫مدة‬ ‫حماية‬ ‫مم‬
‫ساعتين‬.‫وأكثر‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أرخص‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ّ‫د‬‫ويع‬‫أكثر‬ ‫فيغلف‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫ها‬
‫للعناصر‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ،‫المنظر‬ ‫جميل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫إال‬ ،‫الوصالت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫إضافة‬ ً‫ا‬‫تعقيد‬ ‫األشكال‬
‫المستعارة‬ ‫األسقف‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫المخفية‬.
-‫للحريق‬ ‫مقاوم‬ ‫انتفاخي‬ ‫طالء‬

26. 26
25.intumescent coating:‫بسماكة‬ ‫الطالء‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تنفذ‬5‫يطلق‬ ً‫ا‬‫مركب‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ‫مم‬
‫تعر‬ ‫عند‬ ‫غازات‬‫للحرارة‬ ‫عازلة‬ ‫سميكة‬ ‫كربونية‬ ‫رغوة‬ ‫إلى‬ ً‫ال‬‫متحو‬ ‫الطالء‬ ‫فينتفخ‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ‫ضه‬.
‫الشكل‬(57)‫الحريق‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫طرائق‬

27. 27
26.‫الصدأ‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬corrosion protection
‫األخرى‬ ‫والملوثات‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫فيتأكسد‬ ،‫خاص‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫على‬ ‫للصدأ‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫يتعرض‬
‫الصدأ‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫للمنشآت‬ ‫حماية‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫الضروري‬ ‫من‬ ‫ولهذا‬.
27.‫الفوالذي‬ ‫للمنشأ‬ ‫المطلوب‬ ‫والعمر‬ ‫ودرجته‬ ‫التلوث‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫واختيار‬.
‫وتنفيذ‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫فاختيار‬‫صيانة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ‫أطول‬ ً‫ا‬‫عمر‬ ‫المنشأ‬ ‫يمنح‬ ً‫ا‬‫صحيح‬ ً‫ا‬‫تنفيذ‬ ‫ه‬.
‫كل‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫؛‬ً‫ا‬‫جيد‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫تحضير‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫نجاح‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫ومن‬
‫لم‬ ‫فإذا‬ ،‫الحديد‬ ‫أكسيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫رقيقة‬ ‫بطبقة‬ ‫مكسوة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫الحامي‬ ‫على‬ ‫المسحوبة‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫المنتجات‬
‫نتيج‬ ‫تتقشر‬ ‫فإنها‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تزال‬‫األحمال‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫للتشوهات‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫تعرض‬ ‫ة‬
‫للصدأ‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫فيصبح‬.
28.‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫دهان‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫إزالة‬ ‫تجب‬ ‫ولهذا‬.‫الفوالذية‬ ‫السطوح‬ ‫وتحضر‬
‫بإحدى‬‫الطرق‬‫اآلتية‬:
-‫الفوالذية‬ ‫الفراشي‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫اليدوي‬ ‫التنظيف‬.
‫السطحية‬ ‫المتأكسدة‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫إلزالة‬ ‫باللهب‬ ‫التنظيف‬ ‫ـ‬.
‫الفوالذ‬ ‫مهاجمة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ‫والصدأ‬ ‫األكاسيد‬ ‫فتنحل‬ ‫األسيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫بحوض‬ ‫التغطيس‬ ‫ـ‬.
‫بالرمل‬ ‫الفوالذ‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫بصفع‬ ‫التنظيف‬ ‫ـ‬.
‫تحضير‬ ‫بعد‬‫اآلتيين‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫طبقتي‬ ‫بإحدى‬ ‫تطلى‬ ‫السطوح‬:
‫معدني‬ ‫طالء‬ ‫ـ‬metallic‫األلمنيوم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫من‬
‫من‬ ‫ساخن‬ ‫بحمام‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫بتغطيس‬ ‫ينفذ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫مصهور‬ ‫يبخ‬
‫المصهورة‬ ‫التوتياء‬.‫بالغلفنة‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تسمى‬galvanization‫الغلفنة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫سماكة‬ ‫وتعتمد‬

28. 28
‫المصهورة‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫من‬ ‫الفوالذية‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫التغطيس‬ ‫مدة‬ ‫على‬.
‫معدني‬ ‫غير‬ ‫طالء‬ ‫ـ‬non-metallic
‫أكاسيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫نهائية‬ ‫طالء‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫الفوسفات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التوتياء‬ ‫كرومات‬ ‫من‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتألف‬
‫غيرها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإليبوكسي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحديد‬.

29. 29
Dr. Youssef Hammida

30. 30
Steel structures
- are structures a basic human needs and the symbol of civilization
peoples, and can be classified according to the function of
installations to residential, commercial and institutional, industrial
and galleries and private facilities asbridges and power
transmission towers, marine and other facilities. Can be built, each
with different types of materials Kalpaton and steel and rolled
-structural steel plant in the form of clips, and each of these
advantages and superiority in certain types of constructions
materials. And consists of structural steel from iron alloys with
specific ratios of carbon and other minerals Kalmngenaz,
chromium, copper, etc., and the carbon content less than 0.25%,
less than 1.5% manganese, and the rest of the items shall be
attributed to much lower, and determine the amount of elements in
the alloy properties of steel Kmquaomth strength and Mtauath
ductility and cruelty toughness.

31. 31
Attributed steel rust-resistant to contain Khalatth on copper, and
the productivity of operations on average cooling Alasaga and
drag-and-profile task effects in the microscopic structure of the
steel where the lead to a smaller size of the particles which
improves its characteristics.
A historical overview
- making steel first large quantities of Railways, and then began
various steel sections and sections Kalzwaya pull in the form of
sewage in 1870 became stiffer and less brittle steel.
Steel was chosen in 1889 to build a basic material for the tribute to
the Eiffel Tower in Paris, a rise of 300 m, and developed around the
same time high-technology buildings with steel frames in the city of
Chicago in the United States because of the high cost of land and
the rapid growth of the business.

32. 32
So, the architect Willem Jenny William Le Baron Jenney designed
insurance company building housing Home Building Insurance
Company, which consists of ten floors in 1885 where he carried out
almost entirely of metal, were columns of cast iron cast-iron and
awards from wrought iron wrought-iron was Packaging tires bricks
Oualblat potter to ensure the protection of the fire because the iron
begins to lose its resistance if exposed to temperatures in excess of
400 m.

33. 33

34. 34
- Then continued to build high buildings of steel, but the use of the
retina Awards vertical camel shell vertical truss bracing system to
resist wind forces.
And bone loads vertical transferred to the foundations of this type of
buildings, but the weakness of foundation soil Algdharyh in Chicago
used wooden pegs rang in the soil until I got to the solid rock layers
bedrock then this method developed in the foundation Vhfr wells
vertical manually up to the layers of solid rock and filled these wells
b concrete for them based on steel columns.

35. 35
(Figure 4) multi-storey building solid tires

36. 36
(Figure 5) inter solid frames with retinal vertical Awards

37. 37
Figure 6 inter tubular framework

38. 38
(Figure 7) reticular tubular

39. 39
- In 1895 Technology completed the establishment of high buildings
using steel clips drawn on the protector in the form of I elements of
tires, with links screws and Tbachim between these elements were
also used sentences country shell to resist diagonal wind bracing
wind with Tbalait pottery to resist heat and wells Axanderanah
concrete caisson foundation to support loads vertical .
After World War II, the second golden era of high buildings of steel
began as the number of the world's population began to mount as
well as the breadth of its economy and prosperity, and then I like the
idea of higher engineers architecture of the building, which seems
Mochora a glass as a result of the implementation of the walls in the
form of foreign glass curtain glass curtain wall.
Although this idea dates back to 1920 and has developed and
implemented the correct form after World War II, where the glass
proved to frames of aluminum and use the rubber to tighten the
impermeability of the links against weathering Vnfz Secretariat of the
United Nations building in 1949 in New York, a typical example of
this type of facilities.(Figure 1).

40. 40
In the early seventies the economy has become in the design of high
buildings and implementation of a key demand, Vapetkr Engineer
Fazlor Khan Fazlur Khan inter country shell of Foreign Affairs at the
John Hancock Building John Hancock in Chicago (Figure 2), with a
percent floor and formed tube solid rise 343 m; which cut steel
consumption to 145 kg / m 2
, while steel consumption of 275 kg / m
was 2
in the Empire State Empire State Building in New York, which
was completed built in the early thirties of the twentieth century.
Shortly after in 1973 used Engineer Khan same idea in the design of
the tower Sears Sears Tower with a 110-story height of 443 m in
Chicago, and it was a few years is the highest building in the world.
(Figure 3).
:1. types of steel structures
steel structures can be classified into the following types: A - multi-
storey facilities multistory mainly composed of solid tires or tires
Mrbth braced frames (Fig. 4). You must resist the construction camel
structural systems used in high lateral loads buildings also must

41. 41
provide an economical solution to be used materials used effectively.
Construction and more effective sentences that resist lateral forces
without significant increase in the consumption of materials than
those needed to resist vertical weights, does not produce any
additional cost for the increase in the height of construction. Based
on this construction sentences in high buildings classified as follows:
inter solid tires rigid frames-
where carried out the connections between the awards and columns
about the solid-mediated welding. And is secured lateral resistance
of solid relevant links. You can use this sentence to a height of 90
meters without an increase in cost as a result of the rise.
- solid frames with cut retina Awards vertical inter
vertical shear trusses or a concrete shear walls of concrete shear
walls in order to side stiffness of the largest building lateral rigidity.
Use this sentence to a height of 150 meters. (Figure 5).

42. 42
- Wholesale Framework tubular
framed tube structure which consists of close columns on the
perimeter of the construction will become more lateral stiffness,
which allows the use of this sentence to a height of 300 meters.
(Figure 6).
- Wholesale network tubular
trussed tube with internal columns where shell diagonal diagonal
bracing is used on the perimeter of the building on all sides. This
raises the tie-down side-resistant construction allows the use of
much of what this sentence to a height of 360 meters without
remember the construction cost increase as a result of the vertical
loads.(Figure 7).
- Package inter tubes
bundled tube consists of a set of tubular tire collection with each
other to give the side a greater resistance this sentence and become
the starting height of 75 meters process. This sentence used in the
construction of the Sears Tower Sears Tower in Chicago. (Figure 3).
b steel installations with long bypass long-span steel structures

43. 43
(Figure 8) with a lamellar Building Awards

44. 44

45. 45
The steel base material in large installations where the metaphors
used Structural circum flexae which was previously used in the
construction of bridges in tribut
laminate plate girders and awards retina trusses.
Awards laminate made of steel plates to form the clips in the form of
a character I is greater than those of the standard manufacturers
dragging on the protector and awards laminate used metaphors to
cover up to 60 meters (Figure 8).While awards retina consists of a
standard linear elements drawn on the protector.
Combine these elements by welding or bolts on a balanced
triangular forms.
And are subject to pressure or linear tensile elements. It can be a
metaphor span covered by the awards retinal 180 meters.

46. 46
A vacuum installations space structures
which consist of a networked Awards vacuum d outstanding facilities
with ceilingscable-supported roof structures constitute the
outstanding facilities phrase is derived from the structural properties
of bridges where outstanding consist of flat bishop hanging to the top
Bkpol steel radiate down from the masts heads masts higher than
the level of the roof (Fig. 9). Has implemented this construction
camel facilities Bmjazat up to 72 meters.
Its unique facilities Floor :
consists mainly of solid rigid frames frames (Fig. 10) or from
the retina of awards and columns stanchion (Figure 11).
These Figures buildings Modellers each consisting of one
floor Mashad of cover sheets and steel secondary elements
(Railway walls and prizes ceiling secondary) and key frames.

47. 47
(Figure 11) the structure of a building with a retina awards and columns

48. 48
(Figure 12) different forms of coverage sheets

49. 49
Coverage Home cladding layer consists mostly of steel sheets coated with layers
resistance to rust where steel plates covered with a layer of zinc (galvanized), followed
by a layer based paint (primer primer) and then paint the outer layer of the face to give
the appropriate color or polyester inner layer of the face.
Galvanizing layer consists of a regular layer of zinc increased by 98.5% and the process
is performed continuously dipping sheets in hot solutions of zinc.
Must be at least two layers of galvanizing weight on my face plate from what is shown in
the following table according to British specifications:
Sheet
Type
Weight zinc-sided
The
upper
limit (g /
m 2
)
Minimum
(g / m 2
)
125150
180
200
381458
550
610
455548
608
762
When exposed to the elements zinc layer slowly eroded until eventually wear out. Based
corrosion on oceanic conditions speed shall be fast in contaminated industrial
environment and the marine environment, and the sustainability of galvanizing a very
large when the oceanic conditions are not aggressive and in any case whenever the
galvanizing layer thicker the duration of survival longer.
are given coverage sheets sufficient hardness and so Btamoejeha or Ptdilaaha Cold
variously as in (Fig. 12)

50. 50
and that in order to be able to afford live loads that can be applied during the installation,
maintenance and investment operations, and identifies afford coverage sheets as forms
of bulletins issued by the manufacturers specifications that. It must be impermeable
layers of coverage against weather factors, and provide appropriate thermal Aazleh, and
have a beautiful landscape, and that lasts a long time with minimal maintenance.
Different layers of roofing specification for specification layers cover the walls to some
extent, where increasing impermeability requirements in Bishop in light of the growing
demand for reducing the inclination angle of the bishop.
can be created layers of coverage in different forms including:
dual-layer cover the crust double shell cladding
consists Coverage layer (Fig. 13) of the outer layer corrugated iron sheets or slatted a
minimum thickness of 0.7 mm and an internal layer sheets thickness not less than 0.4
mm with some ribbing. Placed between two layers of sheet layer of glass wool to ensure
thermal Aazleh of not less than C0.44W / m 2
C are usually insulation layer thickness of
about 80 mm.
ride internal tin layer and first prove the secondary prizes or railway walls, then the
installation of elements of the form Z to determine the distance between the two layers of
sheet and bring them together, then the uniqueness of the insulation layers and riding
beyond the external sheet layer mediated screws as in (Fig. 13)
the terms and conditions requirewaterproofing not be less inclination angle coverage for
4.layers cover of slabs vehicle composite panels is one of the most cutting-edge
coverage systems ensure that the solution to most of the metal coverage problems,
where foam insulation foam injected between the two layers of sheet in the laboratory
under a specified pressure to fill the entire space between the two layers of foam sheet

51. 51
will operate after hardening jointly with tin cans, thereby creating a solid panels capable
of carrying external loads.
And it identifies resistant panels to work together for the two layers of sheet and foam
injected between the two sets manufacturers such panels live loads that can be carried,
and are shown in Figure (14) model of these
panels. secondary elements of secondary elements
of secondary elements are the elements that are assigned layers of coverage both in
Bishop Or the walls and the movement of cargoes to the main structural elements.
Figure (15) the two types of secondary elements, and requires good performance layers
of coverage and terms of restriction lateral construction of the key elements that the
spacing between the secondary elements between 2-12m.
(Figure 13) bi-layer crust cover
(Figure 14) panels vehicle

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(Figure 15) secondary elements of the problem of cold
Manufactures secondary elements clips in various forms of steel rolled on or protector of
cold formed sheet. Studies and practical applications showed that the problem sections
cold is the most economical. The first of these sections productive section in the form of
Z where used material is used effectively, but the main axes tend to the level of the body.
This v f f c Σ v f f
hardness center section (Figure 15). In all cases, these sections Manufacturers provides

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all the information necessary for these sections, which enables designers to choose the
right ones.
(Figure 16) simple main framework

54. 54
(Figure 17), the most common types of tires
Home tire primary frames
assigned key frames secondary elements that carry sheets coverage where applied
loads transmitted on sheets coverage to secondary elements, including a major tire-
borne turn to foundations. Shows (Fig. 16), the simplest types of tires where consists of
permissible horizontal and two columns.
But the necessities of storm water requires that the surface-mile specific obtained if the
metaphor small (less than 10 m) through terminations surface, but if it was a great
metaphor By tilt may be on the horizon, but the architectural requirements require that
this tendency sharply minimum angle most common tendency is to be about 6. Shows
(Fig. 17)
the most common types of tires.
the phrase may be networking and columns shown in (Figure 17. a, b, c) are useful and
economical when it is a great metaphor, where the body may be networking elements
consist of rolled corners of the protector, and the upper and lower Alauteran Fatalvan of
angles or clips T also arrived because the clips easier where T does not need to sheets
arrived. If the loads applied to the permissible networking large could be elements may
be networking Mgraah or I clips rolled protector as needed.
The phrase door frame portal frame shown in (Figure 17 d) of the most common
sentences in the buildings and single floor where they can reach licensed 60 m, and the
frame is made traditionally from record clips I rolled protector but the growing
understanding of the behavior thin elements led to the widespread use of laminate
elements variable inertia in wholesale columns and prize money in order to reach

55. 55
economic solutions. Ranged distance between the tires and ranges from 6-8m height of
the frame to the column may contact point (knee eaves) from 6-15m.
2 Fire Protection fire protection
of steel structures exposed to large strains in the course of the fire, where the
temperature reaches about 1200m while the degree critical temperature of the steel is
about 550 m, then the stress of Ceylon Steel yield stress is reduced to 70% of its value
at a temperature of 20 ° C, known as the possibility of carrying steel elements of the
loads applied to it when exposed to fire to resist fire, and express it in terms of the time
period that can withstand Toalha (2 / 1, 1, 2.4 hours) and shows (Figure 18) are
examples of methods of protection used for the columns and awards in steel frames:
- cover Betona steel columns solid concrete protection - as in Figure (18. a) also helps to
carry loads column, The same method can be used to encapsulate awards. Experiments
have shown that 50 mm thickness of theconcrete provides protection against fire for two
hours, but the expensive this way and you need to pour concrete into a mold around the
steel element.
- casing brick brickwork encasement around the building columns as shown in Figure (18
b) where used bricks to build walls and the protection of the columns of fire and this is a
system of the most common systems.
Cover hollow hollow casing: implemented in the form of units of pre-made gypsum
panels mounted on a metal grille, constitute a fund on the steel section as shown in
Figure (18 C). The cover of the section shape profile casing: where squirt cement mortar
on the surfaces of the steel element as in Figure (18 d) guarantees the layer of cement
mortar thickness of 38 mm protection for two hours. This type of protection is one of the
cheapest types of protection and most effective Vaiglv more complex forms in addition to

56. 56
the links, but it is a beautiful sight, and therefore uses a special hidden elements above
the ceilings.
- boggy fire resistant intumescent coating paint : Implement coating layer thickness of 1
mm nearly contain a compound called gases when exposed to heat Ventfaj Turning to
paint thick carbon foam insulation.
(Figure 18) methods of fire protection
Protection from rust corrosion protection
of steel exposed steel in particular, the presence of iron Fataxd air, water and other
contaminants is therefore essential for the implementation of the protection layer steel
installations against rust. The choice of the protection system depends on the type and degree

57. 57
of contamination is required for the origin of the steel and age. The choice of the protection
system and its implementation is properly implemented gives origin to live longer without
maintenance.
The most important factors that lead to the success of the protection system is to prepare the
steel surface of the well; because all steel products rolled protector be covered with a thin layer
of iron oxide, and if this class has still they flake off as a result of exposure to the elements of
steel distortions under the influence of loads of steel becomes susceptible to rust. To this must
be removed before this layer paint steel elements. And preparing steel surfaces in one
of the ways the
following: manual cleaning using steel
brushes. Flame cleaning to remove surface Oxygenated
class. immersion bath of acid dissolve oxides and rust without attacking the
steel. Cleaning slapped steel surfaces with sand.
After the preparation of the surfaces coated with two layers of protection in one of the
following two :
metallic coating of metallic zinc or aluminum steaming Mushora on the surfaces of the
steel parts or performs dipping steel elements a hot bath of molten zinc. This method is
called galvanizing galvanization depends galvanizing layer thickness on the duration of
immersion and on the speed of the withdrawal of the steel pieces of zinc
molten. paint is metallic non-metallic consists of the basis of a layer of chromated zinc or
phosphate and then a final coating of iron oxides or epoxy or other layer.
D.r youssef hammida

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